USE OF THE GENES IN THE HOG, Ras AND cAMP PATHWAY FOR TREATMENT OF FUNGAL INFECTION

ABSTRACT

Provided herein are uses of genes for HOG, Ras and cAMP signal transduction pathways to treat fungal infection. To regulate the HOG pathway of  Cryptococcus neoformans , roles of SSK1, TCO2, SSK2, PBS2, HOG1, ENA1 and NHA1 genes were investigated to find that a biosynthesis level of ergosterol is increased when these genes are inhibited. When the genes are inhibited, a large amount of ergosterol is distributed on a fungal cell membrane. Accordingly, since there are many working points of an ergosterol-binding antifungal agent, an efficiency of the ergosterol-binding antifungal agent can be considerably improved. To regulate the Ras and cAMP pathways of  Cryptococcus neoformans , roles of RAS1, RAS2, CDC24, GPA1, CAC1, ACA1, PKA1, HSP12 and HSP122 genes were investigated to find that a sensitivity to a polyene- or azole-based drug is increased when these genes are inhibited. Therefore, an antifungal pharmaceutical composition including an inhibitor against the gene or protein encoded by the same can be used as an excellent combined antifungal agent which can reduce a conventional amount of an antifungal agent used and increase an efficiency.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of Korean Patent Applications No.10-2009-0001947, filed on Jan. 9, 2009, and No. 10-2009-0127206, filedon Dec. 18, 2009, and all the benefits accruing therefrom under 35U.S.C. §119 which is hereby incorporated by reference as if fully setforth herein.

BACKGROUND

1. Field

The present invention relates to uses of genes for HOG, Ras and cAMPsignal transduction pathways to treat fungal infection.

2. Description of the Related Art

The existence and proliferation of an organism in a specific environmentis usually determined by an ability to react and adapt to variousenvironmental stresses and maintain cell homeosis. Cells regulate a keyprocess by performing a series of combined signal networks. Among these,a p38/Hog1 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) dependent signalpathway plays an important role to regulate a wide range of stressreactions in eukaryotes, for example, from yeasts to humans.

A stress-activated p38 MAPK in a mammal induces various stress-relatedsignals limiting change in osmosis, UV radiation, programmed apoptosis,and adaptation to an immune response by generation of cytokine andcontrol of inflammation. Similar stress-sensitive signal transductionsystems have been discovered in other species. Fungi have p38-like MAPKsregulating various stress-related responses. In the budding yeast,Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae), HogI MAPK regulates astress-related response to osmotic shock, oxidative damage and heavymetal damage. The fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe (S. pombe),also has a homolog of HogI, Sty1 (also known as Spc1 and Phh1), which isassociated with adaptation to various stresses including osmotic shock,heat shock, oxidative damage and heavy metal damage, carbon deficiencyand UV radiation. Interestingly, Sty1 is also associated with growthcontrol, reproduction and differentiation. Hog1 MAPK orthologs are alsofound in other ascomycete pathogenic fungi including Candida albicans(Hog1) and Aspergillus fumigatus (SakA), and known to mediate reactionsinduced by various environmental causes including osmotic shock, UVradiation, oxidative damage and high temperature.

A common molecular mechanism of the p38/HogI MAPK signal transductionnetwork is highly conserved in many eukaryotic cells. While the p38/Hog1MAPK is non-phosphorylated under normal growth conditions, it isactivated by double phosphorylation of Thr and Tyr residues at a TGYmotif using a MAPK kinase (MAPKK) activated through phosphorylation by aMAPKK kinase (MAPKKK) in a higher signal system in response to aspecific environmental stress. Subsequently, the phosphorylated p38/Hog1MAPKs are transferred to a nucleus after a dimer is formed to triggeractivation of a transcription regulatory factor and induceoverproduction of stress-preventing genes resistant to external stressconditions.

In spite of the conserved regulatory mechanism of the p38/Hog1 MAPK,fungi and mammals have developed a distinctive set of a higherregulatory systems. Particularly, fungi use a two-component-likephosphorelay system, which is not present in mammals, but found only inbacteria, fungi and plants. The fungal phosphorelay system is composedof three components including a hybrid sensor kinase,histidine-containing phosphotransfer protein (HPt), and a responseregulator. The three components have not been observed in mammals, andthus are considered a good target for an antifungal agent.

Basidiomycetous, Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans), also uses astress-activated Hog1 MAPK system to adapt to various environmentalstresses including osmotic shock, UV radiation, heat shock, oxidativedamage, toxic metabolites and antifungal agents. C. neoformans is ahuman pathogenic fungus found everywhere in the world, causingcryptococcal disease in the skin and lungs and cryptococcalencephalomeningitis in immunocompromised patients. While C. neoformansvar. grubii (antigen-type A) is the most frequently found (>90% ofenvironmental and clinical strains), C. neoformans var. neoformans(antigen-type D) is common only in a specific region in Europe, but notfrequently found (<10%). However, it has been confirmed that C. gattii,known as C. neoformans of antigen-types B and C, are primary pathogensattacking normal people who have no immune problems.

However, it is inferred that, compared with other fungal Hog1 MAPKsystems, the Hog1 MAPK pathway in C. neoformans is notcharacteristically developed only to correspond to various environmentalstresses, but also to regulate production of two pathogenic factors suchas an antiphagocytic capsule and an antioxidant melanine and sexualdifferentiation, and thus plays a critical role as an important signaltransduction regulator in C. neoformans cross-talking to another signaltransduction pathway. Recently, the inventors found that most Hog1 MAPKsin many C. neoformans strains are always phosphorylated under non-stressconditions, and rapidly dephosphorylated to activate the Hog1 MAPKs inresponse to the osmotic shock and treatment of an antifungal agent,fluodioxonyl, which clearly contrasts with Hog1 MAPK systems in otherfungi. Double phosphorylation at the TGY motif of Hog1 needs Pbs2 MAPKK.A fungus-specific phosphorelay system which is in a higher level of aPbs2-Hog1 pathway is also found only in C. neoformans. The C. neoformansphosphorelay system includes 7 different sensor hybrid histidine kinases(TcoI-7), a Ypd1 phosphotransfer protein, and two reaction regulators(Ssk1 and Skn7). The Pbs2-Hog1 pathway is generally regulated by Ssk1,not by Skn7. Among the 7 Tco proteins, Tco1 and Tco2 play distinctiveand overlapping roles to activate the Ssk1 and the Pbs2-Hog1 MAPKpathway. However, the Tco1 and Tco2 regulate some Ssk1 and Hog1-relatedphenotypes, and therefore other higher receptor or sensor proteinsshould be discovered. More recently, a protein, Ssk2 MAPKKK, serving asa linker between the phosphorelay system and the Pbs2-Hog1 MAPK pathwaywas identified by comparative analysis of a meiotic map betweenantigen-type D f1 brother strains, B3510 and B3502, showing differentphosphorylation patterns of Hog1. The most noticeable fact is thatinterchange of Ssk2 alleles between two C. neoformans strains showingdifferent Hog1 phosphorylation patterns changes a phenotype controlledby constitutive Hog1 phosphorylation. Unlike S. cerevisiae and S. pombe,C. neoformans has single MAPKKK and Ssk2 regulating the Hog1 MAPK. Whilea downstream signal transduction network of the Hog1 MAPK pathway in C.neoformans has yet to be discovered, identification and characterizationof the downstream signal transduction network of the Hog1 MAPK areneeded to develop a target for a new antifungal agent.

In the past, fungal infections were mainly local infections such asathlete's foot, jock itch, or oral thrush, and rarely systemicinfections. However, recently, systemic infections have become asfrequent, coming in fourth in frequency among total infections occurringin hospitals.

The antifungal agents which have been developed so far may be classifiedinto two major groups: those having an azole structure and those nothaving an azole structure. The azole-based antifungal agents includeketoconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole, while thenon-azole-based antifungal agents include terbinafine, flucytosine,amphotericin B and caspofungin.

The ketoconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole having anazole structure have similar mechanisms to allylamine-based naftifineand terbinafine. These two different antifungal agents serve to inhibitenzymes required for the conversion of lanosterol into ergosterol, whichis a main component of a fungal cell membrane. The azole-basedantifungal agents inhibit a microsomal enzyme, and the acrylamine-basedantifungal agents inhibit a squalene epoxidase, both having a similareffect to the above-mentioned antifungal agents. Flucytocin (5-FC) is ametabolic antagonist inhibiting the synthesis of a nucleic acid, whichhas an antifungal reaction by non-competitively antagonizing the causeof miscoding a fungal RNA and DNA synthesis. Amphotericin B having apolyene structure has an antifungal reaction by binding to ergosterol inthe fungal cell membrane to induce depolarization of the cell membraneand generating a hole to induce loss of the cell contents. Anechinocandin-based antifungal agent, caspofungin, has a reactionreversibly inhibiting the formation of a fungal cell wall, and isdifferent from those acting on the cell membrane described above.

The azole-based drug may lead to death caused by infection when beingused on a patient having hypofunction of the liver, and thus a liverfunction test should precede administration. It is reported thatflutocytosin has a dose-dependent bone marrow inhibiting action, livertoxicity, and can cause enterocolitis. Since such side effects areincreased when renal insufficiency occurs, monitoring of a renalfunction is very important to a patient. In addition, flutocytosin iscontraindicated for pregnant woman. A major toxicity of amphotericin Bis a glomerulus renal toxicity induced by renal artery vasoconstriction,which is dose dependent. Therefore, when a lifetime cumulative dose is 4to 5 g or more, a rate of permanent loss of the renal function isincreased. Furthermore, the renal toxicities such as excessive loss ofpotassium, magnesium and bicarbonate due to toxicity of a renal tube andlow production of erithropoietins may be generated. Moreover, as acuteresponses, symptoms such as thrombophlebitis, chills, shivering, andhyperpnea may be shown. Since the conventionally developed antifungalagents show various side effects according to kinds of drugs,development of a new therapy which can reduce such side effects andincrease an antifungal effect is demanded.

Meanwhile, in pathogenic fungi distributed in the world, includingAspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans (C. albicans) and C. neoformans,Ras- and cAMP-signal transduction pathways are evolutionarily conserved,and significantly functional and structural differences are still beingfound (Pukkila-Worley & Alspaugh, 2004, Rolland et al., 2002, Wong &Heitman, 1999, Thevelein & de Winde, 1999, Alspaugh et al., 1998,Lengeler et al., 2000, and Bahn et al, 2007). In C. neoformans causingfatal fungal encephalomeningitis, the cAMP-signal transduction pathwayis important in producing and differentiating pathogenic factors (Idnurmet al., 2005). Like S. cerevisiae and C. albicans, it was confirmed thattwo major higher signal transduction regulators of adenylyl cyclase(Cac1), adenylyl cyclase-associated protein 1 (Aca1) and Gα subunitprotein (Gpa1) regulate a cAMP-signal transduction pathway of C.neoformans (Bahn et al., 2004 and Alspaugh et al., 1997). The disruptionof GPA1 genes leads to multiple phenotypes of cells, which includeincomplete production of core pathogenic factors, melanin and a capsule,essential for survival and proliferation of C. neoformans in a host, anda decrease in mating, which is important in distribution of infectiousspores (Alspaugh et al., 1997). Aca1 physically interacts with a Cac1adenylyl cyclase, and does not regulate a basic level of cAMP butdominates most cAMP-dependent phenotypes by regulating the induction ofcAMP (Bahn et al., 2004). A deletion mutant of CAC1 produces a phenotypemore defected than a deletion mutant of gpalΔ or acalΔ, and gpalΔ acalΔdouble deletion mutants are equivalent to the cac1Δ deletion mutant inphenotype (Bahn et al., 2004). This indicates that Cal1 is activated byboth of Aca1 and Gpa1. In a lower signal system of the Cac1 of C.neoformans, two catalytic subunits of a protein kinase A (PKA), Pka1 andPka2, and a regulatory subunit, Pkr1, are included. While Pka1 plays adominant role for cAMP signal transduction in a background of anantigen-type A C. neoformans H99 strain, Pka2 also plays the same rolein an antigen-type D C. neoformans JEC21 strain (Hicks et al., 2004).Nevertheless, a pka1Δ-pka2Δ double deletion mutant shows a phenotype thesame as the cac1Δ deletion mutant, and the cAMP signal transduction fromCac1 is split into two PKA catalytic subunits (Bahn et al., 2004).Interestingly, the deletion of PDE1, not PDE2, repairs some phenotypesincluding the depletion of a melanin of the gpalΔ deletion mutant, whichindicates that different phosphodiesterases act in various fungi (Hickset al., 2005).

It is revealed that two Ras proteins, Ras1 and Ras2, are found inCryptococcus, and play common and distinctive roles (Alspaugh et al.,2000, D'Souza et al., 2001, and Waugh et al., 2002). Among theseproteins, Ras1 is a major C. neoformans Ras protein supportinghigh-temperature growth and invasive growth essential for survival andgrowth in a host and stimulating sexual differentiation (Alspaugh etal., 2000). Though the ras2Δ deletion mutant does not have arecognizable phenotype, the overexpression of RAS2 somewhat inhibitsmost of the ras1 mutation phenotypes (Waugh et al., 2002). Like S.cerevisiae, disruption of the RAS1 and RAS2 genes affects cell viabilityat every temperature, which indicates that the Ras protein is essentialfor the growth of cells in general. Among various Ras-relatedphenotypes, only invasive growth and mating are cAMP-dependent, buthigh-temperature growth is cAMP-independent and a Ras1-specificphenotype (Alspaugh et al., 2000, Waugh et al., 2003). Interestingly,Cac1 does not bear a Leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain, which is abinding site to a GTP-binding Ras in S. cerevisiae (Shima et al., 1997).Since an adenylyl cyclase/cyclase-related protein complex can provide asecondary Ras-binding site to activate the protein complex as shown inS. cerevisiae (Shima et al., 2000), Ras1 can still interact with anAca1/Cac1 complex for activating the Ras1 in C. neoformans. Recently, ithas been reported that a GEF protein, Cdc24, is a Ras-effecter protein,and regulates the growth of C. neoformans at high temperature in a lowersystem of Ras1 and a higher system of Rho-like GTPase Cdc42 (Nichols etal., 2007). Consequently, C. neoformans cAMP-signal transduction pathwayis regulated by three different higher signal regulators, Ras1, Gpa1 andAca1.

Despite the presence of the common higher signal regulators (Ras1, Aca1and Gpa1) of Cac1, functional correlation between the components andtarget gene regulated by each regulator in C. neoformans remains stillunclear.

SUMMARY

The present invention provides to finding a new target gene to developan antifungal agent by investigating a signal transduction network ofHOG, Ras and cAMP pathways.

In one aspect, a use of an inhibitor against at least one protein or agene coding for the same selected from the group consisting of Ssk1,Tco2, Ssk2, Pbs2, Hog1, Ena1 and Nha1 of C. neoformans to prepare anantifungal agent, an antifungal pharmaceutical composition including theinhibitor, and a method of treating fungal infection including injectingan effective amount of the inhibitor into a subject are provided.

In another aspect, a use of at least one protein or a gene coding forthe same selected from the group consisting of Ssk1, Tco2, Ssk2, Pbs2,Hog1, Ena1 and Nha1 of C. neoformans to screen an antifungal agent, acomposition for screening an antifungal agent including the protein orgene, and a method of screening an antifungal agent including contactingthe protein or gene with a candidate material and determining whetherthe candidate material inhibits or stimulates an activity of the proteinor gene are provided.

In still another aspect, a use of an inhibitor against at least oneprotein or a gene coding for the same selected from the group consistingof Ras1, Ras2, Cdc24, Gpa1, Cac1, Aca1, Pka1, Hsp12 and Hsp122 of C.neoformans to prepare an antifungal agent, an antifungal pharmaceuticalcomposition including the inhibitor, and a method of treating fungalinfection including injecting an effective amount of the inhibitor intoa subject are provided.

In yet another aspect, a use of at least one protein or a gene codingfor the same selected from the group consisting of Ras1, Ras2, Cdc24,Gpa1, Cac1, Aca1, Pka1, Hsp12 and Hsp122 of C. neoformans to screen anantifungal agent, a composition for screening an antifungal agentincluding the protein or gene, and a method of screening an antifungalagent including contacting the protein or gene with a candidate materialand determining whether the candidate material inhibits or stimulates anactivity of the protein or gene are provided.

In the present invention, to regulate a HOG pathway of C. neoformans,roles of SSK1, TCO2, SSK2, PBS2, HOG1, ENA1 and NHA1 genes areinvestigated to reveal that a biosynthesis level of ergosterol isincreased when these genes are inhibited. Since a large amount ofergosterol is distributed on a fungal cell membrane when the genes areinhibited, an efficiency of an ergosterol-binding antifungal agent canbe considerably increased due to many working points of theergosterol-binding antifungal agents. In addition, in the presentinvention, to regulate Ras and cAMP pathways of C. neoformans, roles ofRAS1, RAS2, CDC24, GPA1, CAC1, ACA1, PKA1, HSP12 and HSP122 genes wereinvestigated to reveal that sensitivity to a polyene- or azole-baseddrug is increased when these genes are inhibited. Thus, an antifungalpharmaceutical composition including an inhibitor against the gene orprotein encoded by the same can be used as an excellent combinedantibacterial drug which can reduce an amount of a conventionalantifungal agent used and increase efficiency.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other aspects of the inventive concept will become morereadily apparent by describing in further detail exemplary embodimentsthereof which reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 shows identification of genes whose expression is regulated byHog, Ssk1 and Skn7 of C. neoformans under normal conditions with nostress on the genome level (fold change is expressed by color);

FIG. 2 shows analysis results for induction of ergosterol biosynthesisgenes by disturbance of a HOG signal transduction pathway and anergosterol content in a cell;

FIG. 3 shows analysis results showing that the inhibition of the HOGpathway gives an elevated antifungal effect with amphotericin B in C.neoformans;

FIG. 4 shows analysis results showing that the inhibition of the HOGpathway gives an antagonistic antifungal effect with respect to someazole drugs in C. neoformans;

FIG. 5 shows analysis results showing that gene coding for an effluxpump of Na⁺ and K⁺, ENA1 and NHA1, are lower-system target genesregulated by the HOG pathway, and the inhibition of these genes giveshigh sensitivity to polyene-based drugs and azole-based drugs;

FIG. 6 shows analysis results for transcripts of ras1Δ, aca1Δ, gpa1Δ,cac1Δ, and pka1Δ pka2Δ deletion mutants of C. neoformans (fold change isexpressed by color);

FIG. 7 shows functional categories of genes differently regulated by theras1Δ, aca1Δ, gpa1Δ, cac1Δ, and pka1Δ pka2Δ deletion mutants of C.neoformans;

FIG. 8 shows regulation of a significant ratio of Ras- andcAMP-dependent genes by environmental stress;

FIG. 9 shows an identification result of a cAMP-signal transductionpathway dependent gene in C. neoformans;

FIG. 10 shows analysis results showing that the inhibition of the Ras-and cAMP-signal transduction pathways increases a sensitivity topolyene-based or azole-based (itraconazole) antifungal agent,independent of ergosterol biosynthesis; and

FIG. 11 shows analysis results showing that the expression of HSP12 andHSP122 is up-regulated by the cAMP- and HOG-signal transductionpathways, and increases sensitivity to polyene-based antifungal agentsby hsp12Δ and hsp122Δ deletion mutants.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.

An antifungal pharmaceutical composition including an inhibitor againstat least one protein or gene coding for the same selected from the groupconsisting of Ssk1, Tco2, Ssk2, Pbs2, Hog1, Ena1 and Nha1 of C.neoformans to prepare an antifungal agent is provided.

A HOG1 pathway is a cell signal transduction system regulating responsesinduced by various stresses. Particularly, since fungi use atwo-element-like phosphorelay system composed of three elements such asa hybrid sensor kinase, a histidine-containing phosphotransfer protein(HPt) and a response regulator, which are not present in mammals, theinventors carried on an investigation of roles of genes involved in theHOG1 pathway to develop a target for a new antifungal agent. As aresult, surprisingly, it was found that, in the regulation of the HOGpathway in C. neoformans, a biosynthesis level of ergosterol isincreased when SSK1, TCO2, SSK2, PBS2, and HOG1 genes are inhibited. Aswill be confirmed in the following embodiments, when the genes areinhibited, a large amount of ergosterol is distributed on a fungal cellmembrane and working points of the ergosterol-binding antifungal agentare also increased. Therefore, an efficiency of the ergosterol-bindingantifungal agent can be considerably increased. In addition, when ENA1and NHA1 genes, the expression of which is known to be regulated by theHOG signal transduction pathway, are inhibited, it is confirmed that,regardless of the change in ergosterol level, a sensitivity topolyene-based drugs such as amphotericin B and azole-based drugs areconsiderably increased. Thus, the antifungal pharmaceutical compositionincluding an inhibitor against at least one protein selected from thegroup consisting of Ssk1, Tco2, Ssk2, Pbs2, Hog1, Ena1 and Nha1 of C.neoformans may be used as an excellent combined antibacterial drug whichcan reduce an amount of the conventional ergosterol-binding antifungalagent or azole-based antifungal agent used and increase efficiency.

Accordingly, a use of an inhibitor against at least one protein or genecoding for the same selected from the group consisting of Ssk1, Tco2,Ssk2, Pbs2, Hog1, Ena1 and Nha1 of C. neoformans to prepare anantifungal agent, an antifungal pharmaceutical composition including theinhibitor, and a method of treating fungal infection including injectingan effective amount of the inhibitor to a subject are provided.

In the specification, it is understood that SSK1, TCO2, SSK2, PBS2,HOG1, ENA1 or NHA1 used as a target to interrupt a HOG1 signaltransduction system indicates an Ssk1, Tco2, Ssk2, Pbs2, Hog1, Ena1 orNha1 protein, or an SSK1, TCO2, SSK2, PBS2, HOG1, ENA1 or NHA1 gene.Thus, it is understood that an SSK1, TCO2, SSK2, PBS2, HOG 1, ENA1 orNHA1 inhibitor includes either an inhibitor against an Ssk1, Tco2, Ssk2,Pbs2, Hog1, Ena1 or Nha1 protein or an inhibitor against an SSK1, TCO2,SSK2, PBS2, HOG1, ENA1 or NHA1 gene.

In one exemplary embodiment, the inhibitor against at least one proteinselected from the group consisting of Ssk1, Tco2, Ssk2, Pbs2, Hog1, Ena1and Nha1 of C. neoformans may bind to the protein to inhibit an activitythereof, thereby interrupting signal transduction. In another exemplaryembodiment, the inhibitor against at least one gene selected from thegroup consisting of SSK1, TCO2, SSK2, PBS2, HOG1, ENA1 and NHA1 of C.neoformans may inhibit expression of the gene to interrupt signaltransduction. In the specification, the SSK1, TCO2, SSK2, PBS2, HOG1,ENA1 or NHA1 gene may be a DNA coding for the gene or mRNA transcriptedtherefrom. Thus, the inhibitor against the gene may bind to the geneitself to disturb transcription or bind to the mRNA transcripted fromthe gene to disturb translation of the mRNA.

In one exemplary embodiment, the Ssk1, Tco2, Ssk2, Pbs2, Hog1, Ena1 orNha1 protein may have an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 1-7respectively, and the SSK1, TCO2, SSK2, PBS2, HOG1, ENA1 or NHA1 genemay have a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 8-14 respectively or acDNA sequence of SEQ ID NOs:15-21 respectively. However, this is merelyan example of a sequence of C. neoformans antigen-type A H99 strain, andthe sequence of the SSK1, TCO2, SSK2, PBS2, HOG1, ENA1 or NHA1 is notlimited thereto.

In the specification, it is understood that the Ssk1, Tco2, Ssk2, Pbs2,Hog1, Ena1 or Nha1 protein or the SSK1, TCO2, SSK2, PBS2, HOG1, ENA1 orNHA1 gene includes a variant or fragment thereof having substantiallythe same activity as the protein or gene.

In one exemplary embodiment, the antifungal pharmaceutical compositionmay include at least one inhibitor against at least one protein selectedfrom the group consisting of Ssk1, Ena1 and Nha1. SSK1 may be a goodtarget to develop an antifungal agent because it is not only animportant upstream reaction regulator of HOG1, but also a gene which isnot found in mammals. Therefore, the SSK1 inhibitor may reduce apossibility of generating certain side effects and increase abiosynthesis level of ergosterol in a fungus, thereby improving theefficiency of an ergosterol-binding antifungal agent. Meanwhile, ENA1and NHA1 are defined as lower-system target genes regulated by a HOGpathway. When these genes are inhibited, sensitivity to an azole-baseddrug such as fluconazole, ketoconazole and itraconazole is alsoconsiderably increased as well as that to a polyene-based drug such asamphotericin B. Therefore, the inhibitors simultaneously orindependently inhibiting these genes may exhibit very high antifungalactivities when used in combination with the polyene- or azole-baseddrug.

The inhibition of the Ssk1, Tco2, Ssk2, Pbs2 or Hog1 protein or geneimproves the biosynthesis of ergosterol and increases the distributionof ergosterol on a fungal cell membrane. Thus, since binding targets ofthe ergosterol-binding antifungal agent disrupting the fungal cellmembrane by being bound to ergosterol are increased, an effective amountof the ergosterol-binding antifungal agent may be reduced and a killingability of the ergosterol-binding antifungal agent may be increased. Inaddition, the inhibitors against ENA1 and NHA1 considerably increasedrug sensitivities to the azole-based antifungal agent as well as thepolyene-based antifungal agent, and thus amounts of these drugs used canbe reduced and a killing ability may be improved. Such an antifungalactivity induced by the inhibition of SSK1, TCO2, SSK2, PBS2, HOG1, ENA1or NHA1 may treat cryptococcal disease and encephalomeningitis byinfection of C. neoformans.

Thus, in one exemplary embodiment, use of an Ssk1, Tco2, Ssk2, Pbs2,Hog1, Ena1 or Nha1 inhibitor to prepare a drug for treating a diseasesuch as cryptococcal disease or encephalomeningitis, a pharmaceuticalcomposition for treating a disease such as cryptococcal disease orencephalomeningitis including the Ssk1, Tco2, Ssk2, Pbs2, Hog1, Ena1 orNha1 inhibitor, and a method of treating a disease such as cryptococcaldisease or encephalomeningitis including injecting an effective amountof the Ssk1, Tco2, Ssk2, Pbs2, Hog1, Ena1 or Nha1 inhibitor to a subjectare provided.

Other than cryptococcal disease or encephalomeningitis exemplified inthe specification, diseases induced by fungal infection are well knownin the art. In the specification, the inhibition of the Ssk1, Tco2,Ssk2, Pbs2, Hog1 protein or gene is revealed to improve the efficiencyof the ergosterol-binding antifungal agent or azole-based antifungalagent, and thus those of ordinary skill in the art may inhibit theprotein or gene to prevent or treat a disease induced by fungalinfection.

In the specification, the “inhibitor of the Ssk1, Tco2, Ssk2, Pbs2,Hog1, Ena1 or Nha1 protein” used to interrupt a HOG1 signal transductionsystem includes all inhibitors binding to the Ssk1, Tco2, Ssk2, Pbs2,Hog1, Ena1 or Nha1 protein to interrupt signal transduction. Forexample, such an inhibitor may be a peptide or compound binding to theSsk1, Tco2, Ssk2, Pbs2, Hog1, Ena1 or Nha1 protein. Such an inhibitormay be selected by a screening method to be described below in analysisof a protein structure, and may be designed using a known method in theart. In one exemplary embodiment, the inhibitor may be a polyclonal ormonoclonal antibody with respect to at least one protein selected fromthe group consisting of Ssk1, Tco2, Ssk2, Pbs2, Hog1, Ena1 or Nha1 of C.neoformans. Such a polyclonal or monoclonal antibody may be preparedusing a method of preparing an antibody known in the art.

In the present invention, the “inhibitor against the SSK1, TCO2, SSK2,PBS2, HOG1, ENA1 or NHA1 gene” used to interrupt a HOG1 signaltransduction system includes every inhibitor inhibiting the expressionof the SSK1, TCO2, SSK2, PBS2, HOG1, ENA1 or NHA1 gene to interruptsignal transduction. For example, such an inhibitor may be a peptide,nucleic acid or compound binding to the gene. The inhibitor may beselected by a screening method shown below in cell-based screening, andmay be designed using a known method in the art. In one exemplaryembodiment, the inhibitor may be an antisense oligonucleotide, siRNA,shRNA, miRNA or vector including the same with respect to at least onegene selected from the group consisting of SSK1, TCO2, SSK2, PBS2, HOG1,ENA1 and NHA1 of C. neoformans. The antisense oligonucleotide, siRNA,shRNA, miRNA or vector including the same may be prepared using a knownmethod in the art. In the specification, the “vector” refers to a geneconstruct including foreign DNA inserted into a genome coding for apolypeptide. The vector used herein is a vector in which a nucleic acidsequence inhibiting the gene is inserted into a genome, and may includea DNA vector, a plasmid vector, a cosmid vector, a bacteriophage vector,a yeast vector, or a viral vector.

A pharmaceutical antifungal pharmaceutical composition including aninhibitor against at least one protein or gene selected from the groupconsisting of SSK1, TCO2, SSK2, PBS2, HOG1, ENA1 and NHA1 of C.neoformans does not exhibit an antifungal activity alone, but increasesa fungal killing ability of an antifungal agent in combination with theergosterol-binding antifungal agent or azole-based antifungal agent.Therefore, the antifungal pharmaceutical composition may be sequentiallyor simultaneously injected with the ergosterol-binding antifungal agentor azole-based antifungal agent.

The ergosterol-binding antifungal agent refers to an antifungal agentbinding to ergosterol on a fungal cell membrane to induce depolarizationof the cell membrane and forming a hole to induce the loss of contentsin a cell, thereby killing fungi. Such an ergosterol-binding antifungalagent is known in the art, and any ergosterol-binding antifungal agentconsiderably increases the antifungal effect when used with theantifungal pharmaceutical composition. In one exemplary embodiment, theergosterol-binding antifungal agent may be a polyene-based antifungalagent. In one aspect, the polyene-based antifungal agent may be at leastone antifungal agent selected from the group consisting of amphotericinB, natamycin, rimocidin, filipin, nystatin and candicin. In thepreferable embodiment, the polyene-based antifungal agent isamphotericin B. Meanwhile, the azole-based antifungal agent may be atleast one antifungal agent selected from the group consisting ofketoconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole.

In this aspect, an antifungal combined formulation including theantifungal pharmaceutical composition including the inhibitor of thepresent invention; and a known ergosterol-binding antifungal agent orazole-based antifungal agent are provided.

An antifungal pharmaceutical composition including an inhibitor againstat least one protein or gene coding for the same selected from the groupconsisting of Ras1, Ras2, Cdc24, Gpa1, Cac1, Aca1, Pka1, Hsp12 andHsp122 of C. neoformans to prepare an antifungal agent is also provided.

The inventors performed investigation on, rather than simply the genesinvolved in Ras and cAMP pathways, the roles of the genes involved inRas and cAMP pathways, to develop a target for a new antifungal agent.The result newly revealed that, surprisingly, in the Ras and cAMPpathways of C. neoformans, when a RAS1, RAS2, CDC24, GPA1, CAC1, ACA1,PKA1, HSP12 or HSP122 gene is inhibited, a sensitivity to one of thepolyene- or azole-based drugs, an itraconazole antifungal agent, isincreased. As will be confirmed in the following exemplary embodiment,when the genes are inhibited, the sensitivity to the polyene- oritraconazole antifungal agent in a fungus may be considerably increased.Thus, the antifungal pharmaceutical composition including an inhibitoragainst at least one protein or gene coding for the same selected fromthe group consisting of Ras1, Ras2, Cdc24, Gpa1, Cac1, Aca1, Pka1, Hsp12and Hsp122 of C. neoformans may be used as an excellent combinedantibacterial drug which can reduce an amount of a conventionalpolyene-based or itraconazole antifungal agent used and improve anefficiency.

Therefore, use of an inhibitor against at least one protein or genecoding for the same selected from the group consisting of Ras1, Ras2,Cdc24, Gpa1, Cac1, Aca1, Pka1, Hsp12 and Hsp122 of C. neoformans toprepare an antifungal agent, an antifungal pharmaceutical compositionincluding the inhibitor, and a method of treating fungal infectionincluding injecting an effective amount of the inhibitor into a subjectare provided.

In the present invention, it is construed that RAS1, RAS2, CDC24, GPA1,CAC1, ACA1, PKA1, HSP12 or HSP122 used as a target to interrupt the Ras-and cAMP signal transduction systems is a Ras1, Ras2, Cdc24, Gpa1, Cac1,Aca1, Pka1, Hsp12 or Hsp122 protein, or a RAS1, RAS2, CDC24, GPA1, CAC1,ACA1, PKA1, HSP12 or HSP122 gene. Accordingly, it is construed that aRAS1, RAS2, CDC24, GPA1, CAC1, ACA1, PKA1, HSP12 or HSP122 inhibitorincludes every inhibitor against the Ras1, Ras2, Cdc24, Gpa1, Cac1,Aca1, Pka1, Hsp12 or Hsp122 protein or inhibitor against the RAS1, RAS2,CDC24, GPA1, CAC1, ACA1, PKA1, HSP12 or HSP122 gene.

In one exemplary embodiment, an inhibitor against at least one proteinselected from the group consisting of Ras1, Ras2, Cdc24, Gpa1, Cac1,Aca1, Pka1, Hsp12 and Hsp122 of C. neoformans may be an inhibitor thatbinds to the protein to inhibit an activity, thereby interrupting signaltransduction. In another exemplary embodiment, an inhibitor against atleast one gene selected from the group consisting of RAS1, RAS2, CDC24,GPA1, CAC1, ACA1, PKA1, HSP12 and HSP122 of C. neoformans may be aninhibitor inhibiting expression of the gene, thereby interrupting signaltransduction. In the present invention, the RAS1, RAS2, CDC24, GPA1,CAC1, ACA1, PKA1, HSP12 or HSP122 gene may be DNA coding for the gene ormRNA transcripted therefrom. Therefore, the inhibitor against the genemay bind to the gene to interrupt transcription or bind to mRNAtranscripted from the gene to interrupt translation of the mRNA.

In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the Ras1, Ras2,Cdc24, Gpa1, Cac1, Aca1, Pka1, Hsp12 or Hsp122 protein may have an aminoacid sequence of one of SEQ ID NOs: 16-24 respectively, and the RAS1,RAS2, CDC24, GPA1, CAC1, ACA1, PKA1, HSP12 or HSP122 gene may have anucleic acid or cDNA sequence corresponding to the protein. However, thesequence just shows a sequence of a C. neoformans antigen-type A H99strain, and thus the sequence of the RAS1, RAS2, CDC24, GPA1, CAC1,ACA1, PKA1, HSP12 or HSP122 is not limited thereto.

In the present invention, it is construed that the Ras1, Ras2, Cdc24,Gpa1, Cac1, Aca1, Pka1, Hsp12 or Hsp122 protein, or the RAS1, RAS2,CDC24, GPA1, CAC1, ACA1, PKA1, HSP12 or HSP122 gene includes a variantor fragment thereof having substantially the same activity as theprotein or gene.

In one exemplary embodiment, the inhibitor may be an inhibitor against aCac1 or Pka1 protein or gene.

Inhibition of the Ras1, Ras2, Cdc24, Gpa1, Cac1, Aca1, Pka1, Hsp12 orHsp122 protein or gene coding for the same may increase a sensitivity toa polyene- or azole-based antifungal agent, and thus an effective amountof the polyene- or azole-based antifungal agent may be reduced and akilling ability of the antifungal agent may be increased. An antifungalactivity caused by the inhibition of the Ras1, Ras2, Cdc24, Gpa1, Cac1,Aca1, Pka1, Hsp12 or Hsp122 may treat cryptococcal disease andencephalomeningitis induced by infection of C. neoformans.

Thus, in one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, use of aRas1, Ras2, Cdc24, Gpa1, Cac1, Aca1, Pka1, Hsp12 or Hsp122 inhibitor toprepare a drug for treating diseases such as cryptococcal disease andencephalomeningitis, a pharmaceutical composition for treating diseasessuch as cryptococcal disease and encephalomeningitis including the Ras1,Ras2, Cdc24, Gpa1, Cac1, Aca1, Pka1, Hsp12 or Hsp122 inhibitor and amethod of treating diseases such as cryptococcal disease andencephalomeningitis including injecting an effective amount of the Ras1,Ras2, Cdc24, Gpa1, Cac1, Aca1, Pka1, Hsp12 or Hsp122 inhibitor into asubject are provided.

Other than the cryptococcal disease and encephalomeningitis statedherein, diseases induced by fungal infection are well known in the art.In the present invention, it is revealed that the inhibition of theRas1, Ras2, Cdc24, Gpa1, Cac1, Aca1, Pka1, Hsp12 or Hsp122 protein orgene coding for the same increases the sensitivity to a polyene- orazole-based itraconazole antifungal agent, thereby increasing theefficiency of the antifungal agent. Therefore, those of ordinary skillin the art can inhibit the protein or genes to prevent or treat adisease induced by the fungal infection.

In the present invention, the “inhibitor of the Ras1, Ras2, Cdc24, Gpa1,Cac1, Aca1, Pka1, Hsp12 or Hsp122 protein” used to interrupt the RAS orcAMP signal transduction system includes every inhibitor binding to theRas1, Ras2, Cdc24, Gpa1, Cac1, Aca1, Pka1, Hsp12 or Hsp122 protein tointerrupt signal transduction. For example, such an inhibitor may be apeptide or compound binding to the Ras1, Ras2, Cdc24, Gpa1, Cac1, Aca1,Pka1, Hsp12 or Hsp122 protein. The inhibitor may be selected by ascreening method to be described below in analysis of a proteinstructure, and may be designed using a method known in the art. In oneexemplary embodiment, the inhibitor may be a polyclonal or monoclonalantibody with respect to at least one protein selected from the groupconsisting of Ras1, Ras2, Cdc24, Gpa1, Cac1, Aca1, Pka1, Hsp12 andHsp122 of C. neoformans. The polyclonal or monoclonal antibody may beconstructed using a known method of constructing an antibody in the art.

In the present invention, the “inhibitor of the RAS1, RAS2, CDC24, GPA1,CAC1, ACA1, PKA1, HSP12 or HSP122 gene” used to interrupt the RAS orcAMP signal transduction system includes every inhibitor inhibiting theexpression of the RAS1, RAS2, CDC24, GPA1, CAC1, ACA1, PKA1, HSP12 orHSP122 gene to interrupt signal transduction. For example, such aninhibitor may be a peptide, nucleic acid or compound binding to thegene. The inhibitor may be selected by a screening method to bedescribed below in analysis of a protein structure, and may be designedusing a method known in the art. In one exemplary embodiment, theinhibitor may be an antisense oligonucleotide, siRNA, shRNA, miRNA or avector including the same with respect to at least one gene selectedfrom the group consisting of RAS1, RAS2, CDC24, GPA1, CAC1, ACA1, PKA1,HSP12 and HSP122 of C. neoformans. Such an antisense oligonucleotide,siRNA, shRNA, miRNA or a vector including the same may be constructedusing a known method in the art. In the present invention, the “vector”is a gene construct including foreign DNA inserted into a genome codingfor a polypeptide. The vector related to the present invention may be avector formed by inserting a nucleic acid sequence inhibiting the geneinto the genome, which may be a DNA vector, plasmid vector, cosmidvector, bacteriophage vector, yeast vector or viral vector.

The antifungal pharmaceutical composition of the present inventionincluding the inhibitor against at least one protein or gene coding forthe same selected from the group consisting of Ras1, Ras2, Cdc24, Gpa1,Cac1, Aca1, Pka1 , Hsp12 and Hsp122 of C. neoformans increases a fungalkilling ability of the antifungal agent in combination with a polyene-or azole-based antifungal agent. Thus, the antifungal pharmaceuticalcomposition of the present invention is sequentially or simultaneouslyinjected with the polyene- or azole-based antifungal agent. The polyene-or azole-based antifungal agent is known in the art, and any one of thepolyene- or azole-based antifungal agent significantly increases theantifungal effect when used with the antifungal pharmaceuticalcomposition of the present invention. In one aspect, the polyene-basedantifungal agent may be at least one of amphotericin B, natamycin,rimocidin, filipin, nystatin and candicin. In a preferable embodiment,the polyene-based antifungal agent may be amphotericin B. In one aspect,the azole-based antifungal agent may be at least one selected from thegroup consisting of ketoconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole andvoriconazole.

In another exemplary embodiment, the antifungal pharmaceuticalcomposition may be sequentially or simultaneously injected along withthe inhibitor against at least one protein selected from the groupconsisting of SSK1, TCO2, SSK2, PBS2, HOG1, ENA1 and NHA1 of C.neoformans. As will be confirmed from the following exemplaryembodiment, when expression of HOG1 is inhibited as well as expressionof CAC1 or PKA1 of C. neoformans, the sensitivity to amphotericin B isproportionally increased. This is because genes of the cAMP pathwayincrease the sensitivity to amphotericin B by a mechanism different fromthat increasing the sensitivity to amphotericin B due to the increase inbiosynthesis of ergosterol when the genes of the HOG pathway describedabove are inhibited.

According to the aspect, the present invention also provides anantifungal combined formulation including the antifungal pharmaceuticalcomposition including the inhibitor of the present invention; and atleast one antifungal agent selected from the group consisting of apolyene-based antifungal agent, an azole-based antifungal agent and aninhibitor against at least one protein or gene coding for the sameselected from the group consisting of Ssk1, Tco2, Ssk2, Pbs2, Hog1, Ena1and Nha1 of C. neoformans. Preferably, the antifungal combinedformulation may include the antifungal pharmaceutical compositionincluding the inhibitor of the present invention, a polyene-basedantifungal agent, and at least one antifungal agent selected from thegroup consisting of inhibitors each against at least one protein or genecoding for the same selected from the group consisting of Ssk1, Tco2,Ssk2, Pbs2, Hog1, Ena1 and Nha1 of C. neoformans.

The antifungal pharmaceutical composition or antifungal combinedformulation of the present invention may be prepared using apharmaceutically suitable and physiologically available adjuvant,wherein the adjuvant may be a solubilizer such as a diluting agent, adispersing agent, a sweetening agent, a binding agent, a coating agent,a blowing agent, a lubricant, a gliding agent or a flavoring agent.

The antifungal pharmaceutical composition of the present invention maybe formulated into a pharmaceutical composition including at least onepharmaceutically available carrier other than an active component foradministration.

In the composition formulated in a liquid-phase solution, apharmaceutically available carrier may be suitable for sterilization andliving organisms, and may be saline, sterilized water, Ringer'ssolution, buffered saline, albumine injection, dextrose solution,maltodextrin solution, glycerol, ethanol or a mixture of at least onethereof. When necessary, another conventional additive such as anantioxidant, buffer or bacteriostatic agent may be added. In addition, adiluting agent, a dispersing agent, a surfactant, a binding agent or alubricant may be added, and thus the composition may be formulated inthe form of an injectable formulation such as an aqueous solution, asuspension or an emulsion, a pill, a capsule, a granule or a tablet.Furthermore, the composition may be formulated using a suitable methodin the art, which is disclosed in Remington's Pharmaceutical Science,Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa. according to diseases orcomponents.

Types of a pharmaceutical formulation of the pharmaceutical compositionof the present invention may include a granule, an acida, a coatedtablet, a tablet, a capsule, a suppository, a syrup, a juice, asuspension, an emulsion, a drop or injectable liquid and asustained-release formulation of an active compound.

The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be injectedby a conventional method via an intravenous, intraarterial, abdominal,sternal, percutaneous, nasal, inhaling, local, rectal, oral, intraocularor intradermal route.

An effective amount of the active component of the pharmaceuticalcomposition of the present invention indicates an amount required forpreventing or treating a disease, or achieving an effect of inducingbone growth. Accordingly, the effective amount may vary depending onvarious factors such as kinds of a disease, severity of a disease, kindsand contents of the active component and other components contained inthe composition, kinds of dosage forms and patient's age, weight,health, sex and dietary habits, injection times and routes, releaserates of the composition, duration of treatment, and co-injected drugs.For adults, when the composition is injected one or more times a day,the dosages may be, but not limited to, 0.1 ng/kg to 10 g/kg for acompound, 0.1 ng/kg to 10 g/kg for a polypeptide, protein or antibody,and 0.01 ng/kg to 10 g/kg for an antisense oligonucleotide, siRNA,shRNAi or miRNA, respectively.

In the present invention, the “subject” may be, but not limited to, ahuman, orangutan, chimpanzee, mouse, rat, dog, cow, chicken, pig, goator sheep.

Furthermore, the present invention provides a use of at least oneprotein selected from the group consisting of Ssk1, Tco2, Ssk2, Pbs2,Hog1, and Nha1 of C. neoformans to screen an antifungal agent, acomposition for screening an antifungal agent including the protein, anda method of screening an antifungal agent including contacting theprotein with a candidate material and determining whether the candidatematerial inhibits or stimulates an activity of the protein.

The present invention also provides a use of at least one gene selectedfrom the group consisting of SSK1, TCO2, SSK2, PBS2, HOG1, ENA1 and NHA1of C. neoformans to screen an antifungal agent, a composition forscreening an antifungal agent including the gene, and a method ofscreening an antifungal agent including contacting the gene with acandidate material and determining whether the candidate materialinhibits or stimulates expression of the gene.

The present invention also provides a method of screening an antifungalagent by a yeast two-hybrid system capable of monitoring physicalcontact between SSK1 and SSK2, SSK1 and YPD1 or YPD1 and TCO2 proteinsof C. neoformans. When this method is used, a large amount of thecandidate materials can be screened quickly.

As described above, when SSK1, TCO2, SSK2, PBS2 or HOG1 of C. neoformansis inhibited, the HOG1 signal transduction system is interrupted, andthus biosynthesis of ergosterol is improved. Therefore, the materialscreened to inhibit the protein or gene may be used as an antifungalagent improving a fungal killing ability, along with anergosterol-binding antifungal agent. The material screened to inhibitENA1 or NHA1 may be used as an antifungal agent improving a fungalkilling ability when used with an ergosterol-binding antifungal agent orazole-based antifungal agent.

The present invention also provides a use of at least one proteinselected from the group consisting of Ras1, Ras2, Cdc24, Gpa1, Cac1,Aca1 , Pka1, Hsp12 and Hsp122 of C. neoformans to screen an antifungalagent, a composition for screening an antifungal agent including theprotein, and a method of screening an antifungal agent includingcontacting the protein with a candidate material and determining whetherthe candidate material inhibits or stimulates an activity of theprotein.

The present invention also provides a use of at least one gene selectedfrom the group consisting of RAS1, RAS2, CDC24, GPA1, ACA1, PKA1, HSP12and HSP122 of C. neoformans to screen an antifungal agent, a compositionfor screening an antifungal agent including the gene, and a method ofscreening an antifungal agent including contacting the gene with acandidate material and determining whether the candidate materialinhibits or stimulates expression of the gene.

The present invention also provides a method of screening an antifungalagent by a yeast two-hybrid system capable of monitoring physicalcontact between Gpa1 and Cac1 , Cac1 and Aca1, Ras1 and Cdc24 or Ras2and Cdc24 proteins of C. neoformans. When this method is used, a largeamount of the candidate materials can be screened quickly.

As described above, when RAS1, RAS2, CDC24, GPA1, CAC1, ACA1, PKA1,HSP12 or HSP122 of C. neoformans is inhibited, the RAS or cAMP signaltransduction system is interrupted, thereby increasing a sensitivity toa polyene- or azole-based antifungal agent. Thus, the material screenedto inhibit the protein or gene may be used as an antifungal agentimproving a fungal killing ability when used with the polyene- orazole-based antifungal agent.

Confirmation of the reaction between the protein or gene and thecandidate material may be performed by a conventional method ofconfirming the reaction between a protein and a protein, a protein and acompound, DNA and DNA, DNA and RNA, DNA and a protein, DNA and acompound, RNA and a protein, or RNA and a compound. For example, ahybrid test for confirming a bond between the gene and a candidatematerial in vitro, a method of measuring an expression level of the genethrough northern blotting, quantitative PCR or quantitative real timePCR after reaction of mammalian cell and a test material, a method ofconnecting a reporter gene to the gene to introduce the gene into acell, reacting the cell with a test material and measuring an expressionlevel of a reporter protein, a method of reacting the protein with acandidate material and measuring an activity, a yeast two-hybrid,searching for a phage-displayed peptide clone binding to an Idbfprotein, high throughput screening (HTS) using a natural substance and achemical library, drug hit HTS, cell-based screening or a screeningmethod using a DNA array may be used.

The screening composition may include distilled water or a buffer stablymaintaining the structure of a nucleic acid or protein, other than theprotein or gene. In addition, the screening composition may include acell expressing the protein or gene, or a cell containing a plasmidexpressing the gene in the presence of a promoter regulating atranscription rate for an in vivo test.

In the screening method of the present invention, a test material may beindividually a nucleic acid, a protein, a peptide, a different extractor natural substance or a compound assumed to have possibility as a druginhibiting signal transduction through a HOG1 signal transduction systemaccording to a conventional screening method or randomly selected.

The matters related to a genetic engineering technique in the presentinvention are made more clear by the literatures disclosed by Sambrooket al. [Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harborlaboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (2001)] and Frederick M.Ausubel et al. [Current protocols in molecular biology volume 1, 2, 3,John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1994)].

While exemplary embodiments have been disclosed herein, it should beunderstood that other variations may be possible. Such variations arenot to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of exemplaryembodiments of the present application, and all such modifications aswould be obvious to one skilled in the art are intended to be includedwithin the scope of the following claims.

EXAMPLES Experimental Procedures Strains and Growth Conditions

The C. neoformans strains used in this examples are listed in Table1[Bahn Y S, Geunes-Boyer S, Heitman J (2007) Eukaryot Cell 6:2278-2289.; Bahn Y S, Kojima K, Cox G M, Heitman J (2005) Mol Biol Cell16: 2285-2300.; Bahn Y S, Kojima K, Cox G M, Heitman J (2006) Mol BiolCell 17: 3122-3135.; Perfect J R, Ketabchi N, Cox G M, Ingram C W,Beiser C L (1993) J Clin Microbiol 31: 3305-3309; Kwon-Chung K J, EdmanJ C, Wickes B L (1992) Genetic association of mating types and virulencein Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect Immun 60: 602-605.].

The C. neoformans strains were cultured in YPD (yeastextract-peptone-dextrose) medium unless indicated separately.

TABLE 1 Strain Genotype Parent Serotype A H99 MATα KN99 MATa CBN45 MATαras1Δ::NEO H99 CBN64 MATα ras1Δ::NEO RAS1::NAT CBN45 MWC12 MATαras2Δ::URA5 H99 CBN32 MATα cdc24Δ::NEO H99 CBN33 MATα cdc24Δ::NEOCDC24::NAT CBN32 YSB6 MATα aca1Δ::NAT-STM#43 H99 YSB51 MATαras1Δ::NAT-STM#150 H99 YSB53 MATα ras1Δ::NAT-STM#150 H99 YSB64 MATαhog1Δ::NAT-STM#177 H99 YSB123 MATα pbs2Δ::NAT-STM#213 H99 YSB261 MATαssk1Δ::NAT-STM#205 H99 YSB264 MATα ssk2Δ::NAT-STM#210 H99 YSB349 MATαskn7Δ::NAT-STM#201 H99 YSB278 MATα tco1Δ::NAT-STM#102 H99 YSB281 MATαtco2Δ::NAT-STM#116 H99 YSB324 MATα tco1Δ::NAT-STM#102 tco2D::NEO YSB278YSB284 MATα tco3Δ::NAT-STM#119 H99 YSB417 MATα tco4Δ::NAT-STM#123 H99YSB286 MATα tco5Δ::NAT-STM#125 H99 YSB348 MATα tco7Δ::NAT-STM#209 H99YSB73 MATα ras1Δ::NEO H99 YSB42 MATα cac1Δ::NAT-STM#159 H99 YSB83 MATαgpa1Δ::NAT H99 YSB188 MATα pka1Δ::NAT H99 YSB194 MATα pka2Δ::NAT-STM#205H99 YSB200 MATα pka1Δ::NAT pka2Δ::NEO YSB188 YSB174 MATαaca1Δ::NAT-STM#43 ras1::NEO YSB278 YSB182 MATα cac1Δ::NAT-STM#159ras1::NEO H99 YSB156 MATα hog1Δ::NAT-STM#177 cac1::NEO H99 YSB112 MATαura5 pka1::URA5 hog1::NATSTM#177 H99 YSB58 MATa aca1Δ::NEO KN99 YSB79MATa cac1Δ::NEO KN99 YSB81 MATa hog1Δ::NEO KN99 YSB175 MATα aca1Δ::NEOras1Δ::NATSTM#150 YSB58 YSB187 MATα cac1Δ::NEO ras1Δ::NATSTM#150 YSB79YSB606 MATα gre2Δ::NAT-STM#224 H99 YSB607 MATα gre2Δ::NAT-STM#224 H99YSB609 MATα pkp1Δ::NAT-STM#224 H99 YSB610 MATα pkp1Δ::NAT-STM#224 H99YSB599 MATα hsp12Δ::NAT-STM#224 H99 YSB600 MATα hsp12Δ::NAT-STM#224 H99YSB603 MATα hsp122Δ::NAT-STM#224 H99 YSB604 MATα hsp122Δ::NAT-STM#224H99 YSB590 MATα ena1Δ::NAT nha1::NEO AI167 YSB591 MATα ena1Δ::NATnha1::NEO AI167 YSB586 MATα nha1Δ::NEO H99 YSB587 MATα nha1Δ::NEO H99YSB588 MATα nha1Δ::NEO H99 Serotype D JEC21 MATα B-3501 MATα YSB267 MATαpbs2Δ::NAT-STM#213 JEC21 YSB139 MATα hog1Δ::NAT-STM#177 JEC21 YSB338MATα ssk2Δ::NAT-STM#210 JEC21 YSB340 MATα ssk2Δ::NAT-STM#210 B-3501 EachNAT-STM# indicates the Nat^(r) marker with a unique signature tag.

DNA Microarray Array Analysis

For total RNA isolation used in DNA microarray, the wild-type H99, hog1Δ(YSB64), ssk1Δ (YSB261), and skn7Δ (YSB349), ras1Δ (YSB51), aca1Δ(YSB6), gpa1Δ (YSB83), cac1Δ (YSB42) and pka1Δ pka2Δ (YSB200) mutantstrains were grown in 50 ml YPD medium at 30° C. for 16 hr. Then 5 ml ofthe overnight culture was inoculated into a 100 ml of fresh YPD mediumand further incubated for 4-5 hr at 30° C. until it approximatelyreaches to the 1.0 of optical density (OD) at 600 nm (OD600 nm=1.0). Forzero-time samples, 50 ml out of the 100 ml culture was sampled andrapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen. To the remaining 50 ml culture, 50 mlof YPD containing 2 M NaCl, 40 μg/ml fludioxonil (PESTANAL, Sigma, 100mg/ml stock solution in dimethylsulfoxide), or 5 mM H2O2 was added(final concentration of 1 M NaCl, 20 μg/ml fludioxonil, or 2.5 mM H2O2,respectively). During incubation in each stress-inducing medium, 50 mlof the culture was sampled at 30 and 60 min, pelleted in a tabletopcentrifuge, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and lyophilized overnight. Thelyophilized cells were subsequently used for total RNA isolation. Asbiological replicates for DNA microarray, 3 independent cultures foreach strain and growth condition were prepared for total RNA isolation.

Total RNA Preparation

For total RNA isolation, the lyophilized cell pellets were added with 3ml volume of sterile 3 mm glass bead (SIGMUND LINDER), homogenized byshaking, added with 4 ml of TRizol reagent (Tri reagent, MolecularResearch Center), and allowed to incubate at room temperature for 5 min.Then 800 μl of chloroform was added, incubated for 3 min at roomtemperature, transferred to the 15 ml of the round-bottom tube (SPL),and centrifuged by 10,000 rpm at 4° C. for 15 min (Sorvall SS-34 rotor).Two milliliter of the supernatant was transferred to the newround-bottom tube, added with 2 ml isopropanol, inverted several times,and allowed to incubate for 10 min at room temperature. Then the mixturewas re-centrifuged by 10,000 rpm at 4° C. for 10 min, and its pellet waswashed with 4 ml of 75% ethanol diluted with diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC)treated water and centrifuged by 8,000 rpm at 4° C. for 5 min. Thepellet was dried at room temperature and resuspended with 500 μlDEPC-treated water. Concentration and purity of total RNA sample werecalculated by measuring OD260 nm and gel electrophoresis, respectively.For control total RNA (for Cy3 labeling), all of total RNAs preparedfrom wild-type, hog1Δ, ssk1Δ, skn7Δ, ras1Δ, aca1Δ, gpa1Δ, cac1Δ andpka1Δ pka2Δ mutant cells grown in conditions described above were pooled(pooled reference RNAs).

cDNA Synthesis and Cy3/Cy5 Labeling

For cDNA synthesis, total RNA concentration was adjusted to 1 μg/μl withDEPC-treated water, and 15 μl of the total RNA (15 μg) was added with 1μl of 5 μg/μl oligo dT (5′-TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTV-3′)/pdN6 (Amersham)(1:1mixture of 10 μg/μl, respectively), incubated at 70° C. for 10 min, andplace on ice for 10 min. Then 15 μl of cDNA synthesis mixture {3 μl 0.1M DTT, 0.5 μl RNasin [Promega], 0.6 μl aa-dUTP(5-(3-aminoallyl)-2′-deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate)/dNTPs [a mixture of 6μl dTTP (100 mM), 4 μl aa-dUTP (100 mM), 10 μl dATP (100 mM), 10 μl dCTP(100 mM), 10 μl dGTP (100 mM)], 1.5 μl AffinityScript reversetranscriptase (Stratagene), 3 μl AffinityScript buffer, 7 μl water] wasadded and incubated at 42° C. for 2 hrs. Then 10 μl of 1 N NaOH and 10μl of 0.5 M EDTA (pH 8.0) were added and incubated at 65° C. for 15 min.After incubation, 25 μl of 1 M HEPES buffer (pH 8.0) and 450 μl ofDEPE-treated water were added, and the whole mixture was concentratedthrough Microcon30 filter (Milipore) and vacuum-dried for 1 hr.

For Cy3 and Cy5 (Amersham) labeling of the prepared cDNA, Cy3 and Cy5were dissolved in 10 μl DMSO and 1.25 μl of each dye was aliquoted intoseparate tubes. The cDNAs prepared as described above were added with 9μl of 0.05 M Na-bicarbonate (pH 8.0) and incubate at room temperaturefor 15 min. The cDNAs prepared from pooled reference RNAs were mixedwith Cy3 as a control and the cDNAs prepared from each test RNA (eachexperimental condition) were mixed with Cy5. Each mixture was furtherincubated at room temperature for 1 hr in the dark and purified byQIAquick PCR purification kit (QIAGEN).

Microarray Hybridization and Washing

C. neoformans serotype D 70-mer microarray slide containing 7,936 spots(Duke University) was pre-hybridized at 42° C. in 60 ml ofpre-hybridization buffer [42.4 ml sterile distilled water, 2 ml 30% BSA(Sigma), 600 μl 10% SDS, 15 ml 20×SSC], washed with distilled water andisopropanol, and dried by brief centrifugation (110×g, 2 min). The Cy3-and Cy5-labeled cDNA samples were combined, concentrated throughMicrocon30 filter, and vaccum-dried. The dried cDNA samples wereresuspended with 24 μl of 1× hybridization buffer [250 μl 50% formamide,125 μl 20×SSC, 5 μl 10% SDS, 120 μl dH2O, total 500 μl], added with 1 μlpolyA tail DNA (Sigma), further incubated at 100° C. for 3 min andallowed to cool for 5 min at room temperature. The microarray slideswere aligned into the hybridization chamber (DieTech), removed of anydusts, and covered by Lifterslips (Erie Scientific). The Cy3/Cy5-labeledcDNA samples were applied in between Lifterslips and slides. To preventslides from being dried, 10 μl of 3× SSC buffer was applied onto theslides, which were subsequently incubated for 16 hr at 42° C. Afterincubation, the microarray slides were washed with three differentwashing buffers [wash buffer 1 (10 ml 20×SSC, 600 μl 10% SDS, 189.4 mldH2O, preheated at 42° C.), wash buffer 2 (3.5 ml 20×SSC, 346.5 mldH2O), wash buffer 3 (0.88 ml 20×SSC, 349.12 ml dH2O)] for 2, 5, and 5min, respectively, on the orbital shaker.

For each total RNA sample, 3 independent DNA microarray with 3independent biological replicates were performed, including one-dye swapexperiment.

Microarray Slide Scanning and Data Analysis

After hybridization and washing, the microarray slides were scanned byGenePix 4000B scanner (Axon Instrument) and the signals were analyzedwith GenePix Pro (Ver. 4.0) and gal file(http://genome.wustl.edu/activity/ma/cneoformans). Since we used totalRNAs isolated from serotype A C. neoformans strains, 70-meroligonucleotide sequence printed on the serotype D C. neoformans slideswas queried against serotype A C. neoformans genome database by blastpsearch (e-value cut-off: e-4) to find the corresponding serotype A geneID. Using the serotype A gene sequence, each S. cerevisiae gene name orID listed in the Tables was identified by blastp search (e-valuecut-off: e-4).

For further hierarchical and statistical analysis, data transported fromGenePix software were analyzed with GeneSpring (Agilent) by employingLOWESS normalization, reliable gene filtering, clustering (standardcorrelation and average linkage) and zero-transformation, and ANOVAanalysis (P<0.01).

Ergosterol Assay

Ergosterol contents were measured as previously described in“Arthington-Skaggs B A, Jradi H, Desai T, Morrison C J (1999)Quantitation of ergosterol content: novel method for determination offluconazole susceptibility of Candida albicans. J Clin Microbial 37:3332-3337”, but with slight modification. Briefly, each C. neoformansstrain was grown in 100 ml YPD medium for 24 h at 30° C. The 100 mlculture was splitted into two 50 ml cultures for duplicate measurement,pelleted in a tabletop centrifuge, and washed with sterile water. Thecell pellet was frozen in liquid nitrogen and lyophilized overnight. Thedried cell pellet was weighed for normalization of ergosterol contents,added with 5 ml of 25% alcoholic potassium hydroxide, and transferred toa sterile borosilicated glass screw-cap tube. Subsequently, the cellswere incubated at 80° C. for 1 h and allowed to cool to roomtemperature. Then 1 ml of sterile water and 3 ml of heptane were addedand vortexed for 3 min. Then 200 μl of the heptane layer is sampled andmixed with 800 μl of 100% ethanol, and its optical density (OD) wasmeasured at both 281.5 nm and 230 nm. Ergosterol contents werecalculated as the following: % ergosterol=[(OD281.5 nm/290)×F]/pelletweight−[(OD230 nm/518)×F]/pellet weight, where F is the ethanol dilutionfactor and 290 and 518 are the E values (in percentages per centimeter)determined for crystalline ergosterol and 24(28)dehydroergosterol,respectively.

Stress Sensitivity Test

Each strain was incubated overnight at 30° C. in YPD medium, washed,serially diluted (1 to 10⁴ dilutions) in dH₂O, and spotted (3 μl) ontosolid YPD medium containing indicated concentrations of stress-inducingagents or antifungal drugs as previously described in “Bahn Y S, KojimaK, Cox G M, Heitman J (2005) Mol Biol Cell 16: 2285-2300.” and “Bahn YS, Kojima K, Cox G M, Heitman J (2006) Mol Biol Cell 17: 3122-3135”. Toexamine antifungal drug sensitivity, the cells were spotted onagar-solid YPD media containing amphotericin B(Sigma),fluconazole(Sigma), itraconazole(Sigma), ketoconazole (Sigma) andfludioxonil. Then spotted cells were incubated at 30° C. for 2-4 daysand photographed.

Disruption of CAMP-Signaling Dependent Genes

For gene disruption, information of genomic DNA structure (exon andintron) for each gene was obtained from serotype A C. neoformans genomedatabase(http://www.broadinstitute.org/annotation/genome/cryptococcus_neoformans/MultiHome.html). The GRE2 (CNAG_(—)02182.2), HSP12 (CNAG_(—)03143.2), HSP122(CNAG_(—)01446.2) and PKP1 (CNAG_(—)00396.2) genes were deleted byoverlap PCR or double joint PCR PCR) with split markers and biolistictransformation in the C. neoformans serotype A H99 strain as previouslydescribed (Bahn et al., 2005, Davidson et al., 2002). Primers forgeneration of the 5′ and 3′ flanking regions of each gene and dominantselectable nourseothricin resistant marker (NAT, nourseothricinacteryltransferase) were described in the supplemental table 1. Goldmicrocarriers beads (0.8˜1.2 μm [Bioworld Inc] or 0.6 -μm [BioRad]) werecoated with gel-extracted deletion cassettes produced by overlap PCR andbiolistically transformed into the strain H99. Stable transformantsselected on YPD medium containing nourseothricin or G418 were subject tothe first screening by diagnostic PCR with primers listed in Table 2.Positive mutants were further confirmed by Southern blot analysis usinggene-specific probes prepared by primers listed in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Primer Name Sequence Description B79 TGTGGATGTCTGGCGGAGGATAScreening primer on ACT promtre B1026 GTAAAACGACGGCCAGTGAGCM13 forward (extended) B1027 CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCATGM13 reverse (extended) B1614 TGTTTAGCACCAGCGGAGTC HSP12-5′screening primer B1615 CACGATGAAAGTGCGTTGAAGHSP12-left flanking primer 1 B1616GCTCACTGGCCGTCGTTTTACACTGTCGGTGAAAGATTGC HSP12-left flanking primer 2B1617 CATGGTCATAGCTGTTTCCTGAGAACGACAACCAGGAGTCHSP12-right flanking primer 1 B1618 GCTCTGTGCTGACATTATCTGCHSP12-right flanking primer 2 B1707 GAAAGTGCGTTGAAGTGATGHSP12-probe primer 1 B1708 AGTAGAAGCAGCGGACTAAAG HPS12-probe primer 2B1619 GCGTAGTGGAGATTGGTTTC GRE2-5′ screening primer B1620ATCCCCTCCACTTTACCTCC GRE2-left flanking primer 1 B1621GCTCACTGGCCGTCGTTTTACAAGTCTCCCTTAGCGATAG GRE2-left flanking primer 2B1622 CATGGTCATAGCTGTTTCCTGACCACACCCCTGAAGAAACGRE2-right flanking primer 1 B1623 AACTGTTTCGTCTTGTGTGTCGRE2-right flanking primer 2 B1705 ATAGCAACTTCTTCCGTCGGRE2-probe primer 1 B1706 TGTTGCCTGTGCTCACTTG GRE2-probe primer 2 B1629CCTCTGACAGCCACATACTG PKP1-5′ screening primer B1630 AATGAAGTTCCTGCGACAGPKP1-left flanking primer 1 B1631GCTCACTGGCCGTCGTTTTACAATGGGATGAGAACGCAC PKP1-left flanking primer 2B1632 CATGGTCATAGCTGTTTCCTGAGCATTTTCCAGCATCAGCPKP1-right flanking primer 1 B1633 GGTGTGGAACATCTTTTGAGPKP1-right flanking primer 2 B1711 CTGGTTCATCTTGGGTGTCPKP1-probe primer 1 B1712 TCTGAGCATACCACTCCTTTAC PKP1-probe primer 2B1666 TCTCATTCGCATCCTCTG HSP122-5′ screening primer B1667GTTGGGCAGATAATGTTTGTG HPS122-left flanking primer 1 B1668GCTCACTGGCCGTCGTTTTACACGGCGTCAGACATTGTG HSP122-left flanking primer 2B1669 CATGGTCATAGCTGTTTCCTGACAAGAGAAGTCCACTACTCAGHPS122-right flanking primer 1 B1670 GCAAGGTAATGATGAGCGHSP122-right flanking primer 2 B1709 GCGACTGAGATGTAGACCAACHSP122-probe primer 1 B1710 CTCGGAACGACATAATAAGC HSP122-probe primer 2B1673 CACACCTGGTAAGAGATAGCG NHA1-left flanking primer 1 B1674GCTCACTGGCCGTCGTTTTACAGTGGTAGAAGTAGGGCAGC NHA1-left flanking primer 2B1675 CATGGTCATAGCTGTTTCCTGACAGGGTCCAACAAGGATGNHA1-right flanking primer 1 B1676 TGCTACGATTGTGGTCAGCCNHA1-right flanking primer 2 B1677 GGACGAGACGAGTTATCAAACNHA1-screening primer B1698 CTTCATCAACTTGCGTGC NHA1-probe primer

Example 1 DNA Microarray Analysis of C. neoformans hog1Δ, ssk1Δ, andskn7Δ Mutants

To investigate Hog1 signaling pathway in C. neoformans, we performedcomparative transcriptome analysis of serotype A wild-type (WT, H99)strain, hog1Δ, ssk1Δ, and skn7Δ mutants under both normal growthconditions and stressed conditions, such as in the presence of osmoticshock (1 M NaCl), oxidative stress (2.5 mM H2O2), and antifungal drugfludioxonil (40 μg/ml), by using DNA microarray analysis. We isolatedtotal RNAs from cells growing in each stress condition after zero(non-stress condition), 30, and 60 min incubation. We prepared 3independent RNA samples for each condition as biological replicates forDNA microarray analysis. As a control RNA for common Cy3 labeling, weused reference RNAs that were pooled from all RNA samples prepared inthis study. We used 70-mer serotype D C. neoformans DNA microarray chipscontaining total 7,936 spots, based on information from the C.neoformans genome database.

For basic validation of our array quality, we monitored expressionlevels of HOG1, SSK1, and SKN7 genes, and known Hog1-regulated genes,such as GPP1 (Glycerol-3-phosphatase) and GPD1 (Glycerol-3-phosphatedehydrogenase), in our array data.

FIG. 1 shows identification of genes whose expression is regulated byHog, Ssk1 and Skn7 of C. neoformans under normal conditions with nostress on the genome level (fold change is expressed by color). FIG. 1Ashows relative expression levels of HOG1, SSK1, and SKN7 genes in eachcorresponding mutant compared to WT strain. FIG. 1B shows condition treeanalysis result in WT, hog1Δ, ssk1Δ, skn7Δ mutant. FIG. 1C showsclustering analysis result of 950 genes which are exhibitedsignificantly different expression patterns in hog1Δ, ssk1Δ, or skn7Δmutants compared to WT (ANOVA test, P<0.01) under normal growthcondition(YDP, 30□). FIG. 1D shows Venn diagram presenting HOG1, SSK1,and SKN7-dependent genes that include genes up- or down-regulated over 2folds.

As expected, relative expression levels of HOG1, SSK1, and SKN7 genes ineach corresponding mutant compared to WT strain were very low(FIG. 1A).In addition, expression of GPD1 (glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase,CNAG_(—)01745) and GPP1 (DL-glycerol-3-phosphatase, CNAG_(—)01744)homologous genes, which are well-known Hog1-regulated stress defensegenes in other fungi, was highly reduced (4.5-fold and 2.5-foldreductions, respectively) in hog1Δ and ssk1Δ mutants, further supportingthe quality of our array data.

We monitored how HOG1, SSK1, and SKN7 mutations affect gene expressionpatterns in C. neoformans under unperturbed normal conditions. Among7,936 spots monitored, 3,858 spots were found to be reliable based onCross-gene error model (cutoff 10). Supporting the previous finding, thetranscription profile of the hog1Δ mutant was considerably similar tothat of the ssk1Δ mutant, based on the condition tree analysis (FIG.1B). A total of 950 genes in the reliable genes exhibited significantlydifferent expression patterns in hog1Δ, ssk1Δ, or skn7Δ mutants comparedto WT (ANOVA test, P<0.01) (FIG. 1C), indicating that about 15% of thewhole C. neoformans genes could be transcriptionally affected byperturbation of the two-component system and HOG signaling pathways evenunder unstressed, normal conditions. Among them, 559 genes exhibitedmore than 2-fold induction in at least one of the mutants (FIG. 1D).Several key findings were made as the following. First, a majority ofthe genes (555 genes, 99%) were up- or down-regulated by either Ssk1 orHog1 under unstressed conditions while only 51 genes (9%) were regulatedby Skn7. Among the Skn7-dependent genes, only 4 genes were found to beSkn7-specific (FIG. 1D). Thus it appears to be clear that HOG1 and SSK1mutations alter genome-wide transcription profiles under normalconditions in a greater scale than the SKN7 mutation (FIG. 1D). Second,there exist significantly higher overlaps between Ssk1- andHog1-dependent genes (422 out of 555 genes, 76%) than between Skn7- andHog1-dependent genes (45 out of 467 genes, 10%), further corroboratingthat Ssk1 is the major upstream regulator of the Hog1 MAPK. Third,regardless of the significant overlap in genes regulated by Ssk1 andHog1, there were a number of Ssk1-specific (90 genes) and Hog1-specific(40 genes) genes, strongly suggesting that Ssk1 and Hog1 are notstrictly in the linear pathway and could have other target(s) orupstream regulators, respectively (FIG. 1D). This explains why the ssk1Δmutant exhibits slightly different phenotypes (i.e. higher sensitivityto hydrogen peroxide) compared to hog1Δ mutants and Hog1 can still bephosphorylated in the absence of Ssk1 response regulator under exposureto NaCl.

Genes regulated by Hog1 and Ssk1 cover a wide variety of functionalcategories, including energy production and conversion, aminoacid/carbohydrate/lipid transport and metabolism, translational andprotein biosynthesis, post-translational modification, signaltransduction, stress-defense mechanisms, and others (Supplementary table2), indicating that active remodeling of various aspects of cellularfunctions could occur simply by perturbation of the HOG pathway evenwithout external stresses. Furthermore it should be noticed that morethan one third of Hog1 and Ssk1-dependent genes do not have anyfunctional orthologs in other organisms, indicating that C. neoformansappears to develop many cryptococcus-specific Hog1/Ssk1-dependent genes.

Among Ssk1- and Hog1-regulated genes identified by our array analysis,several groups of genes provided novel insights into the potentialmechanism of the HOG pathway in controlling virulence factor and sexualreproduction of C. neoformans. First, a group of genes involved in irontransport and regulation were found to be highly induced in the ssk1Δand hog1Δ mutants compared to the wild-type strain. These genes includeSIT1 (CNAG_(—)00815 and CNAG_(—)07138) encodingsiderophore-transporters, CFO1 (CNAG_(—)06241) and CFO2 (CNAG_(—)02958)encoding ferroxidases, and CFT1 (CNAG_(—)06242) encoding Fe transporter.The C. neoformans Sit1 are homologous to the S. cerevisiae Arn3/Sit1having high affinity for the hydroxamate siderophore ferrioxamine and C.neoformans Cfo1/Cfo2 and Cft1 are homologous to high-affinity ironpermease/multicopper ferroxidase complex (Ftr1-Fet3) in S. cerevisiae.Since iron transport regulation and melanin synthesis seem to be closelyrelated in C. neoformans, increased melanin synthesis observed in bothhog1Δ and ssk1Δ mutants could be correlated with increased expression ofa group of genes involved in iron transport.

Second, the GPA2 gene (CNAG_(—)00179), encoding a G-protein α-subunit inthe pheromone responsive MAPK pathway, is dramatically upregulated uponssk1Δ or hog1Δ mutation (12.1- and 13.3-fold increases, respectively).This finding suggests that increased pheromone production and sexualreproduction found in ssk1Δ and hog1Δ mutants may result from enhancedexpression of Gpa2 that is induced during mating and promotes the matingprocess of C. neoformans.

Third, several genes involved in oxidative stress defense weredifferentially regulated by HOG1 and SSK1 mutation. As expected from theprevious finding that the hog1Δ and ssk1Δ mutants exhibithypersensitivity to hydrogen peroxide, two genes (CNAG_(—)04981 andCNAG_(—)00575), which are homologous to the CTA1 gene encoding catalaseA that detoxifies H2O2 to H2O, was drastically downregulated in bothmutants (Supplementary Table 1). Furthermore, basal expression levels ofthe SOD2 gene (mitochondrial superoxide dismutase) were decreased inboth hog1Δ and ssk1Δ mutants, further corroborating the role of the HOGpathway in oxidative stress response. Interestingly, however, basalexpression levels of some genes involved in oxidative stress response[TRR1 (thioredoxin reductase), TSA1 (thioredoxin peroxidase), GRX5(glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase), CCP1 (mitochondrial cytochrome-cperoxidase)] were more than 2-fold increased (3.8, 3.1, 2.1, and 9.5fold changes, respectively) in the hog1Δ mutant, but not in the ssk1Δmutant (Supplementary Table 2). The SRX1 gene (sulfiredoxin) alsoinvolved in oxidative stress response was more reduced in the ssk1Δmutant (4.2-fold reduction) than the hog1Δ mutants (1.3-foldreductions). These results may explain why the hog1Δ mutants arerelatively more resistant to H2O2 than the ssk1Δ mutant.

Example 2 Ergosterol Biosynthesis Genes are TranscriptionallyUpregulated by Perturbation of the HOG Signaling Pathway

Among genes upregulated by mutation of HOG1 and SSK1 genes, a genehomologous to ERG28 (CNAG_(—)07208) was noticeable since it plays a keyrole in the fungal sterol biosynthesis. Previous microarray analysisperformed in S. cerevisiae revealed that expression of ERG28 is tightlycorrelated with other ergosterol biosynthetic genes. Erg28 is anendoplasmic reticulum (ER) transmembrane scaffold, protein, which isessential for the yeast sterol biosynthesis by interacting strongly withErg27, Erg25, Erg11, and Erg6 and weakly with Erg26 and Erg1. Thisfinding led us to monitor expression patterns of other sterolbiosynthetic genes in our array data.

FIG. 2A shows the relative expression profiles of ergosterolbiosynthesis genes in hog1Δ, ssk1Δ, and skn7Δ mutants compared to WTstrain. The fold change is illustrated by a color (see color bar scale)and exact value for each gene was indicated in the table placed rightside of the hierarchical clustering diagram. FIG. 2B shows cellularergosterol contents in WT (H99), skn7Δ (YSB349), ssk1Δ (YSB261), ssk2A(YSB264), and hog1Δ (YSB64) mutants. Left and right graphs demonstrate %ergosterol in each strain and relative increase of ergosterol contentscompared to WT, respectively. Each bar presents the average from fourindependent experiments and error bar indicates the standard deviation.Asterisks (*): The ssk1Δ, ssk2Δ, pbs2Δ, and hog1Δ mutants containsignificantly higher ergosterol levels compared to the WT (P<0.05, asanalyzed by using the Bonferroni multiple comparison test).

Interestingly, a majority of the ergosterol biosynthetic genes wereupregulated in hog1Δ and ssk1Δ mutants, but not in the skn7Δ mutant,compared to the wild-type strain (FIG. 2A). Genes, such as ERG11, ERG6,MVD1, ERG5, ERG25, ERG20, and ERG4, were upregulated in both ssk1Δ andhog1Δ mutants while genes, such as ERG27, ERG13, ERG26, ERG10, IDI1,HMG1, and ERG8, were upregulated only in the ssk1Δ mutant (FIG. 2A). Incontrast, none of genes were significantly upregulated in the skn7mutant and indeed some of genes, including ERG13, ERG1, ERG3, ERG7, andERG2 genes, were downregulated in the skn7Δ mutant (FIG. 2A).

To verify our microarray data, we examined whether increased expressionlevels of some of the ergosterol biosynthesis genes indeed affectcellular ergosterol contents in the hog1Δ and ssk1Δ mutants (FIG. 2B).In accordance with our microarray data, cellular ergosterol contentswere much higher in the hog1Δ and ssk1Δ mutants than WT and skn7Δmutants (FIG. 2B), suggesting that increased expression of some ofergosterol biosynthetic genes leads to enhanced production of cellularergosterol. The ssk2Δ (MAPKKK) and pbs2Δ (MAPKK) mutants in the HOGpathway were also found to contain significantly higher levels ofcellular ergosterol than WT and skn7Δ mutants (FIG. 2B), furthercorroborating our array data.

This finding prompted us to investigate the susceptibility of themutants in the two-component system and the HOG pathway to antifungaldrugs that are targeted to the ergosterol biosysnthetic genes orergosterol itself. First we have examined the susceptibility of thessk1Δ, skn7Δ, ssk2Δ, pbs2Δ, and hog1Δ mutants made in the serotype A H99strain background to the polyen antifungal drug, amphotericin B, whichbinds to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane and ultimately causeslethality by disrupting the membrane integrity. We hypothesized thatincreased ergosterol contents observed in ssk1Δ, ssk2Δ, pbs2Δ, and hog1Δmutants could render them to be hypersensitive to amphotericin B due tothe increased number of drug targets.

FIG. 3 shows analysis results showing that the inhibition of the HOGpathway confers synergistic antifungal effects with amphotericin B in C.neoformans. FIG. 3A-3B show pictures photographed after incubation at30° C. for 72 h of each C. neoformans strain spotted on YPD agarcontaining indicated concentrations of amphotericin B. FIG. 3C showspictures photographed after incubation at 30° C. for 72 h of C.neoformans serotype A strains and serotype D strains spotted on YPD agarcontaining indicated concentrations of amphotericin B.

Confirming our hypothesis, the ssk1Δ, ssk2Δ, pbs2Δ, and hog1Δ mutantsexhibited dramatic hypersensitivity to amphotericin B treatment comparedto WT (FIG. 3A), which is in good agreement with the finding thatergosterol contents were significantly higher in the HOG pathway mutantsthan WT (FIG. 2B). In contrast, the skn7Δ mutant showed WT-levels ofresistance to amphotericin B (FIG. 3A), which can be also explained bythe previous data showing that cellular ergosterol contents in the skn7Δmutants are similar to those of WT (FIG. 2B).

We also monitored amphotericin B-susceptibility of C. neoformans strainshaving mutation hybrid sensor kinases (Tco1, Tco2, Tco3, Tco4, Tco5, andTco7), which act upstream of the Ssk1 response regulator. Previously wehave shown that Tco1 and Tco2 play redundant and distinct roles incontrolling a subset of Hog1-dependent phenotypes. Here we found thatTco1 and Tco2 play discrete roles in sensing and responding toamphotericin B. Among Tco proteins, only Tco2, which is double hybridsensor kinases containing two response regulator domains and twohistidine kinase domains in a single polypeptide, showedhypersensitivity to amphotericin B (FIG. 3B), indicating that Tco2 isinvolved in sensing and responding to amphotericin B for conferring thedrug-resistance via the HOG pathway. However, the fact that the degreeof hypersensitivity observed in the tco2Δ mutant is lesser than thessk1Δ mutant suggests other possibilities. One possibility is that otherunknown receptor/sensors may exist to respond to the amphotericin B. Theother possibility is that constitutively phosphorylated Hog1 may repressergosterol biosynthetic pathway under normal conditions hypersensitivityregardless of the presence of receptors/sensors since Ssk1, Ssk2, andPbs2, but not Tco2 proteins, are all involved in constitutivephosphorylation levels of Hog1.

To test the hypothesis, we have also examined the amphotericin Bsensitivity of other C. neoformans strains, such as JEC21 and B3501-A,showing differential Hog1 phosphorylation levels. To support our secondhypothesis, the JEC21 strain where Hog1 is not constitutivelyphosphorylated exhibited hypersensitivity to amphotericin B even morethan the ssk2Δ mutant in the H99 strain background (FIG. 3C). In theJEC21 strain background, mutation of SSK2, PBS2, and HOG1 genes did notaffect sensitivity to amphotericin B (FIG. 3C). In contrast, the B3501strain where Hog1 is constitutively phosphorylated, albeit to a lesserextent than in the H99 strain, exhibited higher resistance toamphotericin B than the JEC21 (FIG. 3C). Similar to the H99 strain,mutation of the SSK2 MAPKKK that abolishes the Hog1 phosphorylationsincreased the amphotericin B sensitivity (FIG. 3C). All these datastrongly indicate that constitutively phosphorylated Hog1 repressesergosterol biosynthetic pathway under normal conditions.

To further support this finding, we also examined the susceptibility ofthe mutants to azole compounds, including triazoles (fluconazole anditraconzaole) and imidazole (ketoconazole), which inhibit the fungalcytochrome P450 enzyme 14α-demethylase and eventually prevent conversionof lanosterol to ergosterol.

FIG. 4 shows analysis results showing that the inhibition of the HOGpathway confers antagonistic antifungal effects with some azole drugs inC. neoformans. It shows pictures photographed after incubation at 30° C.for 72 h of each C. neoformans strain spotted on YPD agar containingindicated concentrations of fluconazole, ketoconazole, and itraconazole.

We had expected that the ssk1Δ and hog1Δ mutants having increasedexpression of many ergosterol biosynthesis genes, particularly includingERG11, should show higher resistance to azole compounds. The ssk1Δ,ssk2Δ, pbs2Δ, and hog1Δ mutants all exhibited hyper-resistance tofluconazole and ketoconazole, but not to itraconazole (FIG. 4).Interestingly, the skn7Δ mutants also showed higher resistance tofluconazole and ketoconazole than WT (FIG. 4). Among hybrid sensorkinases, only Tco1 and Tco2 display differential sensitivity to azolecompounds. Although to a lesser extent than the HOG mutants, the tco2Δmutant exhibited higher resistance to fluconazole and ketoconazole thanWT (FIG. 4). In contrast, the tco1Δ mutant exhibits hypersensitivity toall azole drugs (FIG. 4), indicating that Tco1 may regulate the HOGpathway in C. neoformans in an opposite manner to Tco2. In conclusion,inactivation of the HOG pathway increases ergosterol contents byinduction of ergosterol biosynthesis genes and therefore conferssynergistic effects with amphotericin B treatment, but antagonisticeffects with fluconazole and ketoconazole.

Example 3 Finding and Characterizing the Downstream Target GenesControlled by the HOG Pathway

We found ENA1 (serotype A ID: CNAG_(—)00531.2) and NHA1 (serotype A ID:CNAG_01678.2) genes as the downstream target genes controlled by the HOGpathway and performed an additional experiment. Cells excrete H+(proton)out of cell membrane using H+-ATPase pump such as Pma1, thereby playinga role in maintaining membrane potential essential to cell growth in anormal condition. On the contrary, potassium ion(K+), an ion useful tocell growth, flows into cells using K+ influx pump such as Trk1/Trk2.Na+, unlike K+, is classified as a toxic ion. When high concentration ofNa+ is present in a cell, it should be excreted via efflux pump. SinceK+ also has toxicity when it presents in high concentration, an effluxpump is needed. These are Ena1 and Nha1 which play a role as an effluxpump for Na+and K+.

The result showed that the two genes coding for the two efflux pumps arecontrolled by the HOG pathway. As shown in FIG. 5A, when the WT, skn7Δ,ssk1Δ and hog1Δ mutant strains were exposed to osmotic stress, theexpression level of ENA1 and NHA1 was dependent on the deletion mutantof the HOG pathway genes.

Thus, in order to identify a characteristic of two genes, we prepareddeletion mutant of each gene and double mutant (ena1Δ nha1Δ) eliminatingboth two genes. And then, we examined sensitivity of the mutants to thepolyene-based antifungal agent such as amphotericin B (AmpB), and theazole-based antifungal agent such as fluconazole, ketoconazole anditraconazole. The ena1Δ and nha1Δ mutants did not show high sensitivityto the AmpB. However, surprisingly, the ena1Δ nha1Δ double mutant showedconsiderably increased sensitivity to AmpB (FIG. 5B). Although lowersensitivity than hog1Δ, high AmpB sensitivity of the ena1Δ nha1Δsuggests that these two efflux pumps play an important role in thepolyene-based drug resistance. It is more noteworthy that ena1Δ andena1Δ nha1Δ mutants also show high sensitivity to the azole-based drugs(FIG. 5C). It is a distinguished from the hog1Δ mutant which has highresistance to the azole-based antifungal agents and verify that theinhibitors simultaneously or independently targeting Ena1 and Nha1 mayexhibit very high antifungal activities when used in combination withthe polyene- or azole-based antifungal agents.

Example 4 Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of C. neoformans ras1Δ,aca1Δ, gpa1Δ, cac1Δ, and pka1Δ pka2Δ Mutants

To compare the downstream signaling network of Ras1-, Aca1-, andGpa1-dependent signaling pathways, we performed comparativetranscriptome analysis of the serotype A wild-type (WT, H99) strain,ras1Δ, aca1Δ, gpa1Δ, cac1Δ, and pka1Δ pka1Δ mutants by employing DNAmicroarray analysis as described in Materials and Methods. For basicvalidation of our array quality, we checked expression levels of theRAS1, ACA1, GPA1, CAC1, PKA1, and PKA2 genes in our array data. Therelative expression levels of RAS1, ACA1, GPA1, CAC1, PKA1, and PKA2 ineach corresponding mutant were very low compared to those in the wildtype strain (0.08, 0.03, 0.09, 0.06, 0.07, and 0.12, respectively) (FIG.6A), which supported the quality of our array.

From total 7,936 genes monitored by this DNA microarray, 565 genesexhibited differential expression patterns in the Ras- and cAMP mutantsat statistically significant levels compared to the wild type strain(ANOVA test, P<0.05) (FIG. 6B). The hierarchical clustering analysis ofthe Ras- or cAMP-dependent genes revealed several important facts.First, the transcriptome patterns governed by the Ras1-signaling pathwaywere distinct from those controlled by the cAMP/PKA-signaling pathway.The statistical analysis indicated that basal expression levels of total400 genes changed significantly in the ras1Δ mutant compared to the WT,whereas expression levels of 132 genes changed significantly in theaca1Δ, gpa1Δ, cac1Δ, and pka1Δ pka2Δ mutants (FIGS. 6C and 6D). Besidesthe number of genes regulated, the expression patterns of a majority ofthe Ras1-dependent genes were also distinguished from those of thecAMP-dependent genes, which supported that the Ras1-signaling pathway islargely independent of the cAMP-signaling pathway in C. neoformans.Second, the aca1Δ and gpa1Δ mutants showed transcriptome patternssimilar to those of the cac1Δ and pka1Δ pka2Δ mutants, indicating thatAca1Δ and Gpa1 are the two major signaling modulators of thecAMP-signaling pathway (FIG. 6D). However, there were a small group ofgenes whose expression is differentially regulated between the aca1Δ andgpa1Δ mutants. This indicates that Aca1 and Gpa1 could have other minorsignaling branches (FIG. 6D). As expected, the cac1Δ mutant exhibitedtranscriptome patterns almost identical to that of the pka1Δ pka2Δmutant, further suggesting that Pka1 and Pka2 are necessary andsufficient protein kinase downstream of the adenylyl cyclase in C.neoformans (FIG. 6D).

The genes regulated by the Ras- and cAMP-signaling pathways cover a widevariety of cellular functions (FIG. 7). The cAMP-signaling dependentgenes were over-represented for those involved in signal transductionmechanisms (15.2%), carbohydrate transport and metabolism (9.6%), andamino acid transport and metabolism (8.0%). These findings were ratherexpected results since the cAMP-pathway is one of central signaltransduction cascades that regulate growth, differentiation, andvirulence of C. neoformans and is known to sense glucose and amino acids(Bahn et al., 2004, Xue et al., 2006). Similarly, genes involved insignal transduction mechanisms were most over-represented in the ras1Δmutant (12.1%) (FIG. 7). In contrast to the cAMP-pathway, however, genesinvolved in cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis were over-represented(2.9%), which implies that Ras1 may be implicated in maintenance of cellwall integrity.

Among the Ras- and cAMP-dependent genes, a significant proportion ofthem were found to be environmental stress-regulated (FIG. 8). Our priortranscriptome analysis discovered a number of ESR (Environmental StressRegulated) genes in C. neoformans (Ko et al., 2009). A total of 1,959genes were found to be more than 2-fold up or downregulated in responseto either of osmotic stress, oxidative stress, or antifungal drug(fludioxonil) treatment (Ko et al., 2009). Interestingly, our currentarray analysis revealed that a subset of the ESR genes (a total of 225ESR genes) exhibited significant changes in expression levels in eitherthe ras1Δ or cAMP mutants compared to the wild-type strain (ANOVA test,P<0.05) (FIG. 8). Among these, eighty-six ESR genes showed more than2-fold induction or reduction in the mutants (FIG. 8). Furthermore, atotal of 55 CSR (Common Stress Response) genes were found to bedifferentially regulated (ANOVA test, P<0.05) and 31 genes of themexhibited more than 2-fold induction or reduction in the mutants (FIG.2B). The major proportion of the Ras- or cAMP-pathway-dependent ESR andCSR genes did not have any other homologs with significant homology(Table S6). Nevertheless, these results implied that the Ras-andcAMP-signaling pathways be implicated in diverse stress response of C.neoformans.

Example 5 Identification of the Ras- or cAMP-Dependent Genes in C.neoformans

Next we further investigated individual Ras1- and cAMP-dependent genesidentified by our transcriptome analysis.

Among the selected 161 Ras-dependent genes (2-fold cutoff, FIG. 6C), amajority of them (101 genes, 63%) do not have any orthologs in otherfungi (Table S4), which indicated that C. neoformans contains a uniqueset of Ras-dependent genes. Among the evolutionary conservedRas-dependent genes, three genes, PXL1, RDI1, and BEM3, whose orthologsare known to be involved in regulation of Rho-GTPase Cdc42 in S.cerevisiae, were notable since the Ras1-Cdc24 signaling pathway has beenreported to be controlled by one of three Cdc42 homologues in C.neoformans (Nichols et al., 2007). RDI1 and BEM3 encode Rho-GDPdissociation inhibitor and Rho-GTPase activating protein, respectively(Price et al., 2008, Zheng et al., 1994). Notably, in a good agreementwith the role of Ras1 in genotoxic stress response of C. neoformans(FIG. 4), a number of genes involved in regulation of DNA damage repairwere identified as Ras-dependent genes. These include RNR2/RNR3(Ribonucleotide-diphosphate reductase), RAD3 (DNA helicase, a subunit ofnucleotide excision repair factor 3), RAD14 (a subunit of nucleotideexcision repair factor 1), MSH6 (a protein required for mismatchrepair), MND1 (a protein required for recombination and repair of DNAdouble strand breaks), and DNA2 (ATP-dependent nuclease). Finally,several genes, CHS1 (Chitin synthase 1), CDA2 (Chitin deacetylase), BGL2(glucan 1,3-β-glucosidase), and GSC2 (Glucan synthase), involved ingoverning cell wall integrity were also identified as Ras-dependentgenes 6, which further supported the role of Ras1 in maintaining cellwall integrity of C. neoformans.

The statistical comparison of transcriptome data obtained from the cAMPmutants (aca1Δ, gpa1Δ, cac1Δ, and pka1Δ pka2Δ) with that from the WTstrain (ANOVA, P<0.05) identified 163 genes (FIG. 6C). Among these, 38genes exhibited more than 2-fold induction or reduction in the cAMPmutants, except CAC1, ACA1, PKA1, and GPA1 (FIG. 9). A majority of thecAMP-dependent genes (31 genes, 81%) do not have any known function inC. neoformans or orthologs in S. cerevisiae, which indicated that C.neoformans contains a unique set of cAMP-dependent genes similarly tothe Ras-dependent genes. This observation further corroborates that C.neoformans cAMP mutants have unique phenotypic characteristics that havenot been observed in other fungi. Five cAMP-dependent genes (GRE2, ENA1,HSP12, CAT1, and PKP1) in C. neoformans appear to be evolutionarilyconserved in other fungi. Interestingly, the GRE2, ENA1, and HSP12 genesare known to be transcriptionally regulated by environmental stress inS. cerevisiae. In C. neoformans, it has been recently reported that Ena1not only controls osmotic stress under carbon starvation condition (Koet al., 2009), but also is required for survival in alkaline pH and invivo virulence (Idnurm et al., 2009). The GRE2 (genes de respuesta aestres, stress-responsive gene), a homolog of mammalian3-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, is strongly induced in response to avariety of stresses, including osmotic and oxidative stress, uponbinding of HOG-dependent Sko1 transcription factor to CRE (cAMP responseelement) in the promoter region in S. cerevisiae (Garay-Arroyo &Covarrubias, 1999, Rep et al., 2001). The heat shock protein HSP12(03143) is a small hydrophilic protein whose expression is also inducedby diverse stresses and regulated by both HOG and cAMP signalingpathways (Varela et al., 1995). Here we named this gene as HSC1(HSP12-like C. neoformans gene 1, 03143).

EXAMPLE 6 Inhibition of the Ras and cAMP-Signaling Pathway IncreasedPolyene Sensitivity

Gre2 is involved in regulation of some of ergosterol biosynthesis genes,including ERG6, ERG10, and ERG19/MVD1 (Warringer & Blomberg, 2006).Furthermore, GRE2 is reported to be one of six genes whose expressionincreased with resistance to amphotericin B (AmpB) in S. cerevisiae(Anderson et al., 2009). Therefore, we examined whether the C.neoformans Ras- and cAMP-mutants are more susceptible to AmpB treatmentthan WT.

As shown in FIG. 10, the ras1Δ mutant showed higher susceptibility toAmpB than WT whereas the aca1Δ mutant exhibited slightly higher AmpBsusceptibility (FIG. 10A). The ras1Δ aca1Δ double mutant exhibitedhigher AmpB-sensitivity than each single mutant (FIG. 10B), indicatingthat Ras1 and Aca1 redundantly or independently control AmpBsensitivity. Cdc24 appears to work downstream of Ras1 for regulation ofthe polyene drug resistance (FIG. 10C). Interestingly, the ras2Δ mutantwas also slightly more sensitive to AmpB than WT, indicating that bothRas proteins control resistance to polyene drugs in C. neoformans.

Notably, the gpa1Δ and cac1Δ mutants showed much higher AmpB-sensitivitythan WT and even than the ras1Δ or aca1Δ mutant (FIG. 10A). Downstreamof the Cac1 adenylyl cyclase, the pka1Δ mutant, but not the pka2Δmutant, showed increased susceptibility to AmpB (FIG. 10A), stronglyindicating that the Gpa1-Cac1-Pka1 signaling cascade is one of signalingcircuits to control the polyene drug sensitivity. The ras1Δ cac1Δ doublemutant exhibited even higher AmpB susceptibility than each single mutant(FIG. 10B), indicating that the Ras- and Gpa1-Cac1-Pka1 pathways areindependently involved in AmpB susceptibility. The ras1Δ and ras1Δ cac1Δmutants generated in MATa background (KN99 strain) exhibited the samephenotypes (data not shown).

To address whether the involvement of the Ras- and cAMP-pathways in thepolyene sensitivity is related to the levels of ergosterol biosynthesis,we checked expression levels of ergosterol biosynthesis genes in themutants from our array data. Interestingly, none of ergosterolbiosynthesis genes, except ERG3 and ERG25 (<less than 2-fold), exhibitedsignificant expression changes in the ras1Δ, aca1Δ, gpa1Δ, cac1Δ, orpka1Δ pka2Δ mutants compared to WT (Table S2 and S3). Northern blotanalysis showed that expression levels of the ERG3 and ERG25 genes inthe mutants were not significantly different from those of WT (FIG.10D). We also checked cellular ergosterol contents in the Ras- andcAMP-mutants and found that cellular ergosterol contents were notsignificantly increased in the Ras- and cAMP-mutants compared to WTwhereas the hog1Δ mutant has increased ergosterol contents as previouslyreported (data not shown) (Ko et al., 2009). Furthermore, expressionlevels of ERG11 in the ras1Δ and cAMP mutants were not significantlydifferent from those of WT (FIG. 10D). Supporting this finding, thegpa1Δ, cac1Δ, pka1Δ, pka2Δ, and pka1Δ pka2Δ mutants were nearly asresistant to fluconazole, which target to the fungal cytochrome P450enzyme 14α-demethylase and inhibit conversion of lanosterol toergosterol, as the WT strain (data not shown). All these data stronglyimplied that the Ras and cAMP-signaling pathway independently influencethe polyene sensitivity without affecting ergosterol biosynthesis.

We have found in Examples 1 to 3 that the HOG pathway controlsergosterol biosynthesis of C. neoformans under unstressed conditions andthe HOG pathways mutants are hyper-sensitive to AmpB, buthyper-resistance to fluconazole because of the increased cellularergosterol contents in the mutants (Ko et al., 2009). Therefore, it iseasily conceivable that the HOG and cAMP pathways influence the polyenesensitivity in different manners. Supporting this, we found that thehog1Δ cac1Δ and hog1Δ pka1Δ double mutants were even more sensitive toAmpB than the hog1Δ, cac1Δ, or pka1Δ single mutant (FIG. 10E).Unexpectedly, the hog1Δ cac1Δ double mutants also exhibitedhypersensitivity to various azole drugs, such as fluconazole,ketoconazole, and itraconazole (FIG. 10F). Interestingly, the ras1Δ,aca1Δ, gpa1Δ, cac1Δ, and pka1Δ mutants all showed increased sensitivityto itraconazole (FIG. 10G). Particularly, both Ras1 and Ras2 appear tobe involved in itraconazole susceptibility in a manner dependent ofCdc24 (FIG. 10H). Taken together, these date indicate that the HOGpathway and cAMP-signaling pathways independently control polyene andazole drug susceptibility.

One of key findings made by this study was that the Ras- andcAMP-signaling pathways controlled the polyene- and azole-based drugsusceptibility in C. neoformans. Both Ras1 and Ras2 appeared to beinvolved in polyene susceptibility by using Cdc24 as a downstreameffector. Interestingly, the ras1Δ aca1Δ mutant was also hypersensitiveto amphotericin B, indicating that the Ras1 and Aca1 may play a minorrole in susceptibility to the polyene drugs. It could be possible thatperturbed action cytoskeleton regulation and cell wall integrity by ras1and aca1 mutation makes cell more susceptible to the polyene drugs.

The cAMP-signaling pathway was even more significantly involved inpolyene sensitivity than the Ras-signaling pathway. Mutation of theGPA1, CAC1, and PKA1, rendered C. neoformans cells to be hypersensitiveto the polyene drugs, such as amphotericin B (AmpB). We recentlyreported that perturbation of the HOG pathway also renders C. neoformanscells to be hypersensitive to AmpB (Ko et al., 2009). However, the cAMPand HOG pathways appear to work differently for modulation of thepolyene drug susceptibility. Inhibition of the HOG pathway, but not thecAMP pathway, increases ergosterol biosynthesis, which enhances thepolyene drug susceptibility and azole drug resistance (Ko et al., 2009).Furthermore, the hog1Δ mutant exhibited higher sensitivity to AmpB thanthe cAMP mutants.

Example 7 Characterization of the cAMP-Dependent Genes in C. neoformans

We also addressed the role of the cAMP-dependent genes and in diversestress response and antifungal drug susceptibility of C. neoformans dueto the involvement of the cAMP-pathway in the process that we discoveredin this study.

Hypersensitivity of the cAMP mutants to the polyene drug appeared to bepartly contributed by decreased expression of the two heat shockproteins Hsp12 (H99 gene ID: CNAG_(—)03143.2), C. neoformans homologs ofHSP12, and Hsp122(H99 gene ID: CNAG_(—)01446.2) (FIG. 11).

Interestingly, however, the hsp12Δ or hsp122Δ mutant exhibited slightlyhigher susceptibility to AmpB than WT, although the cac1Δ mutant wasmore sensitive to AmpB than the hsp12Δ or hsp122Δ mutant (FIG. 11A).Therefore, it was conceivable that decreased expression of HSP12 orHSP122 contributes to hypersensitivity of the cAMP mutants to AmpB.

To further characterize the regulatory mechanism of HSP12 and HSP122, weperformed Northern blot analysis to confirm that the cAMP-signalingpathway modulated expression of the HSP12 and HSP122 genes. In S.cerevisiae, HSP12 is not expressed under unstressed, glucose-richcondition, but is induced in response to environmental stresses(Praekelt & Meacock, 1990, Siderius et al., 1997). Unexpectedly,however, the HSP12 and HSP122 genes were found to be highly expressedgenes in the WT strain under unstressed, glucose-rich condition (FIG.11A). In a good agreement with the microarray data, HSP12 and HSP122expression was significantly downregulated in the cAMP mutants,including gpa1Δ, cac1Δ, and pka1Δ pka2Δ mutants (FIG. 11A). In the aca1Δand ras1Δ mutants, expression levels of the HSP12 and HSP122 genes wereonly slightly affected (FIG. 11A). These data not only confirmed ourmicroarray data, but also indicated that HSP12 and HSP122 werepositively regulated by the cAMP-signaling pathway.

Interestingly our previous array analysis showed that HSP12 and HSP122may also be under control of the HOG pathway. HSP12 and HSP122expression levels were considerably low in the hog1Δ and ssk1Δ, but notin the skn7Δ mutant (FIG. 11B). To confirm this, we performed Northernblot analysis and found that expression levels of HSP12 and HSP122 werevery high in the WT and skn7Δ mutants, but was undetectable in the hog1Δand ssk1Δ (FIG. 11B). All these data strongly indicated that the HSP12and HSP122 gene was co-regulated by the cAMP and HOG signaling pathways.

As discussed in the above, hypersensitivity of the cAMP mutants to thepolyene drug appeared to be partly contributed by decreased expressionof the heat shock protein Hsp12 and Hsp122. In S. cerevisiae, Hsp12plays a role in stabilizing the plasma membrane as a cell wallplasticizer and water replacement molecules (Sales et al., 2000,Shamrock & Lindsey, 2008) and therefore is involved in maintaining cellwall integrity under the stressful conditions in S. cerevisiae (Shamrocket al., 2009). Therefore, the hsp2Δ mutant is unable to grow in thepresence of a cell wall destabilizer, Congo red (Motshwene et al.,2004). Therefore, perturbation of the cAMP-signaling pathway reducesbasal expression levels of Hsp12, which subsequently weakened cell wallintegrity and membrane plasticity of C. neoformans. Similarly,hypersensitivity of the HOG pathway mutants to the polyene drug in partresults from decreased expression of HSP12. However, since the cac1Δmutant is much more sensitive to AmpB than the hsp12Δ mutant, otherfactors, except ergosterol biosynthesis, may affect resistance to thepolyene drug. Supporting this, the hog1Δ cac1Δ or hog1Δ pka1Δ doublemutant exhibited even higher polyene drug sensitivity than each singlemutant, which indicated that the two pathways play an independent rolein the polyene drug susceptibility. Notably, the double mutation of theHOG1 and CAC1 genes renders C. neoformans cells to be hypersensitive tomost of azole drugs, including fluconazole, ketoconazole, anditraconazole, with unknown reasons.

In any case, modulation of each Ras-, cAMP/PKA-, and HOG-signalingpathway (or combination of them) may provide a novel antifungaltherapeutic approach in combination with polyene and azole drugs.Simultaneous inhibition of the cAMP and HOG pathways when treated withpolyene drugs such as amphotericin B could be one of the most powerfulcombination therapy for treatment of cryptococcosis.

1. A method of treating fungal infection, comprising: injecting aneffective amount of an inhibitor against at least one protein selectedfrom the group consisting of Ssk1, Tco2, Ssk2, Pbs2, Hog1, Ena1 and Nha1of Cryptococcus neoformans into a subject.
 2. The method of treatingfungal infection of claim 1, wherein the inhibitor against at least oneprotein selected from the group consisting of Ssk1, Ena1 and Nha1. 3.The method of treating fungal infection of claim 1, wherein anergosterol-binding antifungal agent or azole-based antifungal agent issequentially or simultaneously injected with the inhibitor.
 4. Themethod of treating fungal infection of claim 3, wherein theergosterol-binding antifungal agent is a polyene-based antifungal agent.5. The method of treating fungal infection of claim 4, wherein thepolyene-based antifungal agent is at least one selected from the groupconsisting of amphotericin B, natamycin, rimocidin, filipin, nystatinand candicin.
 6. The method of treating fungal infection of claim 5,wherein the polyene-based antifungal agent is amphotericin B.
 7. Themethod of treating fungal infection of claim 3, wherein the azole-basedantifungal agent is at least one selected from the group consisting ofketoconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole.
 8. A method oftreating fungal infection comprising: Injecting an effective amount ofan inhibitor against at least one gene selected from the groupconsisting of SSK1, TCO2, SSK2, PBS2, HOG1, ENA1 and NHA1 ofCryptococcus neoformans into a subject.
 9. The method of treating fungalinfection of claim 8, wherein the inhibitor against at least one geneselected from the group consisting of SSK1, ENA1 and NHA1.
 10. Themethod of treating fungal infection of claim 8, wherein anergosterol-binding antifungal agent or azole-based antifungal agent issequentially or continuously injected with the inhibitor.
 11. The methodof treating fungal infection of claim 10, wherein the ergosterol-bindingantifungal agent is a polyene-based antifungal agent.
 12. The method oftreating fungal infection of claim 11, wherein the polyene-basedantifungal agent is at least one selected from the group consisting ofamphotericin B, natamycin, rimocidin, filipin, nystatin, and candicin.13. The method of treating fungal infection of claim 12, wherein thepolyene-based antifungal agent is amphotericin B.
 14. The method oftreating fungal infection of claim 10, wherein the azole-basedantifungal agent is at least one selected from the group consisting ofketoconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole.
 15. Anantifungal combined formulation, comprising: an inhibitor against atleast one protein selected from the group consisting of Ssk1, Tco2,Ssk2, Pbs2, Hog1, Ena1 and Nha1 of Cryptococcus neoformans; and anergosterol-binding antifungal agent or azole-based antifungal agent. 16.A method of screening an antifungal agent comprising: contacting atleast one protein selected from the group consisting of Ssk1, Tco2,Ssk2, Pbs2, Hog1, Ena1 and Nha1 of Cryptococcus neoformans with acandidate material; and determining whether the candidate materialinhibits or stimulates an activity of the protein.
 17. The method ofclaim 16, wherein the antifungal agent is an inhibitor against an Ssk1,Ena1 or Nha1 protein.
 18. A method of screening an antifungal agentcomprising: contacting at least one gene selected from the groupconsisting of SSK1, TCO2, SSK2, PBS2, HOG1, ENA1 and NHA1 ofCryptococcus neoformans with a candidate material; and determiningwhether the candidate material inhibits or stimulates an activity of thegene.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the antifungal agent is aninhibitor against an SSK1, ENA1 or NHA1 gene.
 20. A method of treatingfungal infection, comprising: injecting an effective amount of aninhibitor against at least one protein selected from the groupconsisting of Ras1, Ras2, Cdc24, Gpa1, Cac1, Aca1, Pka1, Hsp12 andHsp122 of Cryptococcus neoformans into a subject.
 21. The method oftreating fungal infection of claim 20, wherein the inhibitor is aninhibitor against a Cac1 or Pka1 protein.
 22. The method of treatingfungal infection of claim 20, wherein a polyene- or azole-basedantifungal agent is sequentially or simultaneously injected with theinhibitor.
 23. The method of treating fungal infection of claim 22,wherein the polyene-based antifungal agent is at least one selected fromthe group consisting of amphotericin B, natamycin, rimocidin, filipin,nystatin, and candicin.
 24. The method of treating fungal infection ofclaim 23, wherein the polyene-based antifungal agent is amphotericin B.25. The method of treating fungal infection of claim 22, wherein theazole-based antifungal agent is at least one selected from the groupconsisting of ketoconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole.26. The method of treating fungal infection of claim 20, wherein aninhibitor against at least one protein selected from the groupconsisting of SSK1, TCO2, SSK2, PBS2, HOG1, ENA1 and NHA1 ofCryptococcus neoformans is sequentially or simultaneously injected withthe inhibitor.
 27. A method of treating fungal infection, comprising:injecting an effective amount of an inhibitor against at least one geneselected from the group consisting of RAS1, RAS2, CDC24, GPA1, CAC1,ACA1, PKA1, HSP12 and HSP122 of Cryptococcus neoformans into a subject.28. The method of treating fungal infection of claim 27, wherein theinhibitor is an against CAC1 or PKA1 gene.
 29. The method of treatingfungal infection of claim 27, wherein a polyene- or azole-basedantifungal agent is sequentially or simultaneously injected with theinhibitor.
 30. The method of treating fungal infection of claim 29,wherein the polyene-based antifungal agent is at least one selected fromthe group consisting of amphotericin B, natamycin, rimocidin, filipin,nystatin, and candicin.
 31. The method of treating fungal infection ofclaim 30, wherein the polyene-based antifungal agent is amphotericin B.32. The method of treating fungal infection of claim 29, wherein theazole-based antifungal agent is at least one selected from the groupconsisting of ketoconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole.33. The method of treating fungal infection of claim 27, wherein aninhibitor against at least one gene selected from the group consistingof SSK1, TCO2, SSK2, PBS2, HOG1, ENA1 and NHA1 of Cryptococcusneoformans is sequentially or simultaneously injected with theinhibitor.
 34. An antifungal combined formulation, comprising: aninhibitor against at least one protein selected from the groupconsisting of Ras1, Ras2, Cdc24, Gpa1, Cac1, Aca1, Pka1, Hsp12 andHsp122 of Cryptococcus neoformans; and at least one antifungal agentselected from the group consisting of a polyene-based antifungal agent,an azole-based antifungal agent, and an inhibitor against at least oneprotein or gene coding for the same selected from the group consistingof SSK1, TCO2, SSK2, PBS2, HOG1, ENA1 and NHA1 of Cryptococcusneoformans.
 35. A method of screening an antifungal agent comprising:contacting at least one protein selected from the group consisting ofRas1, Ras2, Cdc24, Gpa1, Cac1, Aca1, Pka1, Hsp12 and Hsp122 ofCryptococcus neoformans with a candidate material; and determiningwhether the candidate material inhibits or stimulates an activity of theprotein.
 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the antifungal agent is aninhibitor against a Cac1 or Pka1 protein.
 37. A method of screening anantifungal agent comprising: contacting at least one gene selected fromthe group consisting of RAS1, RAS2, CDC24, GPA1, CAC1, ACA1, PKA1, HSP12and HSP122 of Cryptococcus neoformans with a candidate material; anddetermining whether the candidate material inhibits or stimulates theactivity of the gene.
 38. The composition method of claim 37, whereinthe antifungal agent is an inhibitor against a CAC1 or PKA1 gene.